【M&G Insights】疫後投資關鍵字:新興市場、多元化收益

新興市場債券殖利率比成熟市場高,新興市場債券具有吸引力。在投資策略上,建議不單押在新興市場中特定的少數資產種類,透過更靈活資產配置的安排及策略,才是因應之道。

新興市場債券殖利率比成熟市場高,新興市場債券具有吸引力。在投資策略上,建議不單押在新興市場中特定的少數資產種類,透過更靈活資產配置的安排及策略,才是因應之道。

儘管受到疫情衝擊,新興市場經濟元氣未復,違約率可能上升,但大多數國家償債應不成問題,就算有,投資人仍然可以透過不同方法規避風險。

在新冠肺炎危機期間,美國公債殖利率跌至前所未有的水平,十年期公債殖利率在8月初創下0.5%的新低,已經跟歐洲和日本核心政府債券的水準靠近,美國的實際殖利率轉為負數,創下了歷史新低,8月底十年期美國公債抗通膨債券(TIPS)的殖利率達到-1%,證明了這一點。

聯準會大灑幣,透過購買包括公司債券在內的金融資產,擴大資產負債表,讓殖利率和利差下滑的壓力越來越大。根據聯準會發言,在可預見的未來,利率將保持在較低水平。8月底為止,ICE美國銀行全球廣泛市場指數(包括主權和投資級公司債券)的數據顯示,22%債券型商品收益率為負值,67%的收益為1%或以下。在這種背景下,新興市場債券是少數收益率還不錯的標的。新興市場債券市場的重要指標--「JP Morgan混合新興市場債券指數」(65%投資於投資級債券)的8月底殖利率,還高達4.7%,證明其相對價值。

長期而言,新興市場依舊有利

新冠肺炎的影響力涵蓋全球,新興市場在疫前的相對優勢,在經濟復原時依然可以保持。國際貨幣基金組織(IMF)在6月《世界經濟展望》報告中指出,2020年以後,新興市場的國內生產總值增長,仍將高於成熟市場。特別是中國,已經度過了最壞的狀況,強勁反彈的跡象益發明顯,IMF預測2020年GDP增長率為1%,這使中國可能成為唯一一個GDP為正的主要經濟體,元氣漸豐的中國,短期內能幫助新興市場復甦,尤其是亞洲。另外,就「債務與GDP」的比例,也可以看到新興市場的優勢,普遍來說,新興市場「債務/ GDP」都較成熟市場低,不論是在疫前或疫後,這種情況都沒有改變。

人口結構也對新興市場有利。從長遠來看,年輕人口比例越高,經濟成長越快,以此觀察,新興市場經濟體在人口結構上,有助於其經濟長期維持成長,不僅可以為新興市場貨幣提供支撐,也讓其金融商品的實際收益和報酬維持在相對高的水準。

基於上述考量,過去五年來投資者對新興市場債券配置增加的趨勢將繼續。短期來看,因3月疫情引發的資金流出,已經開始明顯逆轉,而在3月份急劇拋售和利差擴大之後,新興市場強勢貨幣債券的利差在過去三個月中,也恢復了正常,尤其是那些具有較高殖利率的國家,它們的利差仍比年初明顯更寬(請參見下圖)。

1. 新興市場債券利差
mandginsight-EMD-202011-1

資料來源: M&G, 2020/8/31

一項針對全球固定收益投資者的調查顯示,有49%的參與者在2018年配置了新興市場債券,而這一數字在2020年已躍升至72%。在當地貨幣方面,儘管年初至今,大多數新興市場殖利率已走低,但仍大幅高於已開發市場的同類商品。雖然新興市場外匯表現一度不佳,但許多貨幣已經進行大幅調整,其中一些甚至被低估,這樣的修正,也提供了潛在的長期上漲空間。

過去十年中,新興市場債券型商品吸引不少資金,現在更加多樣化了。2008年摩根大通美元主權債指數納入了38個國家。進入到2020年後達到74個國家。在企業方面,新興市場強勢貨幣市場增長幅度更大,自2009年以來規模幾乎翻了兩倍。摩根大通美元新興市場企業指數現在由近700家不同標的組成,可以讓多元化優勢充份發揮。

特別是以當地貨幣計價的基金表現,可以看到強勢貨幣(成熟市場)與當地貨幣(新興市場貨幣)組成部分之間的差異。 2007、2014和2015年的年度表現是明顯的例子(請參見下圖)。我們認為,美國公債殖利率目前處於最低水平,許多新興市場當地貨幣債看起來很便宜,有機會追趕上成熟市場的強勢貨幣,一旦投資人情緒改善,中長線來看,以新興市場貨幣計價的資產將會因此受益。

圖2
.混合型投資策略提供資產變動的操作靈活性

mandginsight-EMD-202011-2

資料來源: M&G, 2019/12/31

保持靈活彈性,非常重要

最後提醒大家,動盪環境反而提供多元化收益不少機會,靈活的全球布局至為關鍵,投資人必須在不同的資產中進行輪動,才能確保回報,可以透過強勢貨幣或以當地貨幣計價的主權債券和企業債券,尋找報酬相對比較高的機會。透過評估相對價值,投資人就能掌握潛在的機會;M&G專業團隊將新興市場債券基金投資組合中性配置,把握資產輪動速度快速;一手掌握主權與信用債,美元與非美元的投資機會;並捕捉新興債高成長機會。 

 

1Bloomberg. As of 19 October 2020.
2CSI 300 Index as of 20 October 2020.

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