不容忽視的日本企業

隨著市場輪換至早前備受忽視、估值被低估及週期性較強的股票,日本股市在2021年首季升至30年新高。然而,儘管日股揚升,但其估值相對全球其他國家仍存在折讓。對有耐性並著重基本因素的選股投資人來說,日本股市仍不乏投資機會。

自2020年底以來,我們發現市場的風險取向迅速轉變,同時全球總體經濟消息改善、市場對疫苗接種進展感到樂觀,而且企業盈利優於預期。這些轉變為一系列表現落後的資產帶來支持,例如週期性資產,亦反映一些根深蒂固的市場信念逐漸減弱 — 市場認為成長資產安全,為把握成長機會不惜支付任何代價。

由於日本股票指數相對較集中於循環型類股,因此受惠於目前的輪換趨勢。此外,自2015年以來一直是淨賣方的外國投資人正重返日本股市。

然而,日股回升的趨勢是否持續?若市場氣氛逆轉,投資人是否再度拋棄日股?或許會,但在出現市場極端行為期間捕捉市場時機非常困難,正因如此,我們奉行有紀律的策略,以駕馭短期市場波動。若投資人不被有關日本市場的媒體消息所侷限,便會發現日本股市的估值仍較全球股市吸引人,而且提供「由下而上」的投資機會。(見圖1)。

圖1:與全球股市比較,日本股市的估值具吸引力日本股市的估值具吸引力

雖然市場出現若干短期的輪換趨勢,但不同股份的估值仍然差異龐大,這意味相同的主題取向將會持續,並於一段長時期內維持明顯趨勢。(見圖2)。

圖2:成長股相對價值股昂貴成長股相對價值股昂貴

日本企業財政改善的趨勢仍然未變

儘管面對新冠肺炎疫情,日本企業的表現出乎意料地穩健。在過去十年,日本企業的重組步伐漸進而穩定,有助提高營運效率及改善長期盈利能力,令日本的基本面轉強,有能力抵禦外部衝擊。

去年,有利於許多日本企業的重要因素之一,是它們的財政狀況較全球企業穩健。長期企業重組包括資產負債表持續去槓桿,令現金水平充裕,並使許多企業具備靈活性,能為未來業務融資。在挑戰重重的環境下,日本企業亦就危機作出前所未見的反應 — 許多企業把握機會,進一步加快重組步伐。

雖然疫情大流行無疑對利潤率造成週期性衝擊,但鑑於長期趨勢持續改善,有關衝擊看來不會持久。(見圖3)。這情況印證日本持續進行企業改革的成果。

圖3:成長股相對價值股昂貴利潤率佔銷售的百分比趨升

整體而言,企業經營環境的復甦步伐看來較預期迅速。作為長線投資人,我們仍致力測試長期盈利假設,以支持我們對公司的估值。然而,企業的短期盈利預測修訂及管理層指引均優於預期。(見圖4)。值得注意的是,較受忽略的週期股的盈利預測上調幅度最高,其中大部份股票近日的盈利表現顯著優於市場過度看淡的預期。

圖4:週期股的盈利預測上調幅度最高利潤率佔銷售的百分比趨升

雖然與近年比較,目前的市況(包括寬鬆政策、流動資金充裕及通貨膨脹環境)較為利多週期股和價值股,但面對疫情導致的市場衝擊,投資人必須慎選企業;部份價值股的估值便宜建基於充份的理據。為免墜入價值陷阱,關鍵在於以嚴謹的策略篩選企業,並根據一些重要因素來進行評估,例如競爭力、資本政策及應對新挑戰的能力,以釐定企業能否提供長期可持續的盈利。

日本企業的盈利能力和股本回報率改善,而且估值吸引,但並非投資日企的唯一原因。事實上,日本企業在過去數年日益重視企業管治亦漸見成果。

企業治理改革展現結構性改善跡象

在日本,企業管治已持續多年出現結構性轉變。這源於企業面對經濟方面的當務之急 — 不但需要維持環球競爭力,而且當地退休基金等資產擁有人要求提高回報,使企業管理層面對壓力,不得不改變其行為。

現金充裕的日本企業開始促使其利益與股東一致。不但配息率持續上升,股份回購亦於2019年創下紀錄,日本TOPIX指數的回購金額按年上升109%。儘管回購活動在2020年受到影響,但回購金額仍高於2018年的水準。在寬鬆的財政和貨幣政策環境下,估值便宜亦使許多現金充裕而且財政狀況穩健的企業有能力為未來的投資需要融資。(見圖5)。

圖5:週期股的盈利預測上調幅度最高循環型類股的盈利預測上調幅度最高

日本央行首季短觀經濟調查顯示,與過往的首季數據比較,企業的資本開支計劃金額創新高。3月份季度是日本企業財年之始,與年底比較,這個季度的盈利指引通常較為保守。近日的樂觀氣氛似乎反映儘管市況不明朗,企業不但轉趨強韌,而且以投資意欲來看,其對經濟前景亦更趨樂觀。上述因素或有助提高資本效率。

至今,日本欠缺的是企業控制權的市場。然而,敵意收購甚至爭奪式收購自2019年以來一直上升;回顧歷史,日本甚少出現敵意收購。雖然目前仍處於初期,但這進一步證明企業管治的變化别具意義,並進一步提供價值變現的潛力。

此外,出於當務之急,加上政府推動改革而促成的日本企業重組,可能成為日股長遠估值獲重估的重要推動因素。

不要讓總體經濟疑慮掩蓋價值

現時的短期復甦會否成為日本市場的轉捩點?我們不會自詡有能力預測市場走向,但上述因素反映根深蒂固的市場信念可能日漸減弱。然而,投資者的疑慮仍然揮之不去。

市場普遍認為日本的特點是人口結構老化,而且面對低成長、低通膨和低息環境。然而,值得注意的一個重點是,面對新冠肺炎疫情,日本企業仍表現強韌;許多擁有優質收益但被錯誤定價的企業仍然未獲市場青睞。

我們認為產生可觀報酬的「動力」並非來自預測或總體主題。反之,我們有系統地物色被錯誤定價的資產,聚焦於極端情況,進而發掘最具影響力的機會。由於價值股與成長股之間的估值差異處於一個世代以來的極端水準,因此我們認為日本市場存在大量上述投資機會。

Sources:
1 EIU. Green Intelligence: Asia’s ESG investing, data Integrity and technology. (2019)
2 Cultureplusconsulting.com. “Meaningful metrics for diversity and inclusion”. 2018.
3 “Four things no one will tell you about ESG data”. Sakis Kotsantonis and George Serafeim.
4 “Investing in green ratings? It’s a grey area”. Ross Kerber.
5 Data Challenges and Opportunities for ESG and Sustainable Finance in Asia Pacific. ASIFMA & FOSDA. December 2020.
6 “Why is corporate virtue in the eye of the beholder? The case of ESG ratings”. Dane Christensen. George Serafeim Anywhere Sikochi.
7 ESG in manager selection – Mercer’s perspective. BofA Global Research. January 2021.
8 Solving the ESG data challenge. Factset.
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