印度的龐大潛力何在?

印度是亞洲最多元化的股票市場之一,可為經驗豐富的投資者人提供可觀的超額報酬機會。過去五年,眾多外部事件令企業盈餘受壓,但隨著經濟反彈和多項改革逐漸取得成果,企業盈餘有望回升。

新冠肺炎疫情對印度經濟的影響可能較許多其他國家更嚴重,但MSCI印度指數在2020年仍然上升16%,在2021年亦進一步升7.8%1。儘管與部份新興市場國家相比,近年來印度股市較不獲投資人青睞,但我們認為印度股市的擁擠程度較低,可為投資人提供龐大報酬潛力。 

多元化優勢是締造超額回報的潛力

首先,MSCI印度指數是亞洲以及新興市場中最多元化的指數之一,該指數量度印度市場的大中型股表現。當地市場擁有種類多元和大型行業,可在國內及國外締造收入,因此為經驗豐富的選股投資人帶來不少投資機會,以買入表現可勝過市場的公司股票。

舉例來說,印度的資訊科技業佔有關指數的17%,而行業大部分收益源自北美洲和歐洲。健康護理與藥業公司約佔有關指數的6%,這些公司的大部份收益亦源自海外投資。畢竟,印度生產全球50%的疫苗,而在美國銷售的非專利藥中,有40%源自印度,在英國出售的印度藥品亦佔當地所有藥品的四分之一。

另一方面,工業和金融業約佔有關指數的三分之一,這兩個行業幾乎完全以國內市場為主,而在印度經濟穩健的環境下,兩者往往有較佳表現。

圖1 顯示,根據變異數(把不同行業的比重與平均行業比重作比較),MSCI印度指數的變異數遠低於許多新興市場同類指數,表示印度市場更多元化。

圖1:指數的行業分佈及變異數MSCI行業分佈和變異數

因此,主動型投資經理可根據其對本土經濟的展望,對行業比重作出調整。這項特質有助印度股市長期表現優於其他新興市場2

印度的企業盈利低,因此具有上升潛力

此外,印度企業在過去五年已經歷多重外部衝擊。這些衝擊包括:

資產品質審查(2016年):

在2016年下半年,印度儲備銀行進行資產品質審查,迫使國內銀行妥善處理壞帳。銀行公佈的壞帳大幅增加,而貸款虧損令不少銀行的盈利受壓。

當局亦要求銀行預留更多資本,並以追溯方式作出更多貸款撥備。由於信貸成本每年上升約300基點,這對整體經濟造成打擊。

大額鈔票改革(2016年)

印度在2016年11月8日午夜禁止較低面額貨幣流通,旨在打擊「黑錢」和假鈔,並推動無現金經濟發展。該行動有效回收在市面流通的86%鈔票,但對社會造成大規模干擾,為印度依賴現金交易的龐大非正規經濟帶來沉重打擊。印度中央統計局(Central Statistics Office)認為,大額鈔票改革是導致當地經濟增長率在隨後數年下跌的主要因素之一。3

商品及服務稅(2017年)

印度在2017年7月宣佈一項全國性的商品及服務稅,以取代各邦政府實施的複雜稅收種類。然而,新稅項在初期對許多小型企業造成廣泛混亂,而多重稅率亦令供應鏈受到干擾,因而窒礙經濟增長。

新冠肺炎疫情(2020年)

由於新冠肺炎疫情爆發,預測印度經濟在2020年收縮8%4。當地的旅遊與觀光業備受打擊,許多並無涉足數位化的小型企業和依賴大量非技術勞工的行業亦受到影響。

上述所有事件均導致印度企業盈餘佔國內生產總值的百分比在過去數年持續下跌,見圖2。

圖2:MSCI印度指數-企業獲利佔國內生產總值百分比(%)MSCI印度指數-企業盈餘佔國內生產總值百分比

上述情況導致印度股市以本益比計算的估值較其他新興市場顯得昂貴。好消息是隨著疫苗供應愈趨廣泛,加上疫情帶來的最惡劣影響開始消退,印度的企業盈餘(佔國內生產總值的百分比)可從低基數水準反彈,這將有助降低估值。國際貨幣基金組織預測印度經濟將在2021年增長11.5%5。此外,我們亦注意到與MSCI世界指數和MSCI新興市場指數相比,印度市場以股價淨值比計算的估值顯得較為合理,見圖3。

圖3:MSCI印度指數-以股價淨值比計算的估值MSCI印度指數-以股價淨值比計算的估值

我們看好印度進行長期改革的成效

改革對印度來說並不陌生,上文所述的部份外部衝擊便是源自經濟改革。於撰文之時,印度政府正因建議進行農業改革而引發農民抗議,政府更打破數十年來的禁忌,在2022財年預算案中公佈計劃把兩家國有銀行私有化。除此之外,當地政府在過去三年已進行多項改革,包括改善勞動市場,修改《破產法》,以及簡化房地產交易,見圖4。誠然,落實改革的過程必然會面對挑戰,尤其是在該國29個邦推行一致的改革;只需要在聯邦層面執行的改革應會較易推行。

圖4:過去三年印度的結構性改革

印度的結構性改革-過去三年 

此外,2022財年預算旨在把生產力較低的開支(如工資、退休金、補貼)轉而用作生產力較高的投資。具體來說,資本開支預算已增加26%至5.5兆印度盧比,這些預算主要用於興建基建設施,從而帶來新的製造產能。政府在預算中亦承諾增加對教育、醫療、營養業和城市基建的開支。若這些措施能有效執行,將有助印度踏上持續增長之路,這樣印度才能創造足夠職位和維持對外貿易差額。

潛力龐大

印度是亞洲最多元化的股票市場之一,可為主動型投資人提供龐大的選股機會和超額回報空間。多項特殊事件令印度企業盈餘持續多年維持低迷,隨著經濟從新冠肺炎疫情中復甦,加上多項改革逐漸取得成果,當地企業盈餘有望回升。

儘管我們需要關注另一波疫情爆發、疫苗接種情況未如理想或通膨壓力突然出現等短期風險,但印度股市的多元化特性,反映無論當地市場是升是跌,均可提供投資機會。

Sources:
1 Bloomberg. In USD terms. 2021 as of 10 March 2021.
2 10 years versus MSCI Emerging Markets as of end January 2021.
3 https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/demonetization-gst-slowed-down-gdp-growth-of-india-1123939-2018-01-06
4 IMF. World Economic Outlook. January 2021.
5 IMF. World Economic Outlook. January 2021.
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