疫情中預見轉機,亞洲高收益債長線進場點浮現

2020年以來,全球投資市場飽受新冠肺炎(Covid-19)疫情衝擊而劇烈波動,高收益債也是投資人格外關注的資產類型。目前亞洲高收益債券評價相當具吸引力,尤其是中長期投資人,更是不可多得的進場時機!

新冠肺炎於全球迅速擴散,加上風險性資產與油價相繼暴跌,引爆2020年3月全球金融市場恐慌。不僅全球股票市場接連跌至幾年來新低,美國公債亦未能倖免:聯準會於三月大刀闊斧降息150個基點,十年期美國公債殖利率跌至0.3%歷史新低,但隨後又因流動性緊縮、投資人急著變現而飆升到1.2%。

在這樣的背景下,亞洲強勢貨幣債也遭遇極大挑戰,特別是亞洲高收益債歷經多次大跌。統計3月至今,亞洲高收益債1跌幅達到12%,同時亞洲投資級債跌幅4%2。與市場高度相關的債券如印尼公司債領跌。由於油價的崩盤及全球擔憂石油需求因景氣不佳而下滑,原物料相關的債券也備受打擊。

新興市場價值崛起

我們也發現,近期亞債利差變動異常快速。回顧全球金融海嘯期間,亞洲高收益公司債利差從最小擴大到超過900個基點,花了15個月時間;同樣地,歐債危機時則花費約8個月。而今年以來僅兩個月內,亞洲高收益公司債利差從最低擴大到超過900個基點,近期平均殖利率已接近10%3

當前市場面臨前所未有的挑戰,債券遭到高速拋售,引起修正過快及過度極端的疑慮。亞洲高收益公司債信用利差雖還未達到全球金融風暴時的高點,但仍已達到十年來高點,而上次信用利差達到此水準是在歐債危機的時候(參考圖1)。

 

圖一:摩根大通亞洲信用指數-高收益公司債利差(bp)4

weather_graph1

若從隱含違約率來看,近期亞洲高收益公司債已高達10% (參考圖2),相較於全球金融風暴時,亞洲高收益債的隱含違約率僅約為9%,近期顯然是過度反應。

圖二:摩根大通亞洲信用指數-隱含年違約率5

weather_graph2

 

亞債利差會繼續走擴嗎?

依據歷史經驗來看,我們相信亞洲高收益債評價面已達到相當誘人的水準,特別是對以中長期投資為目標的投資人來說。舉例來說,2005年9月底債券利差超過800個基點,在當時進場的投資人,就享有三年滾動平均16%的年報酬6

此外,我們也相信此次市場狀況與全球金融風暴有顯著的差異,因此亞洲高收益債券利差不太可能達到全球金融風暴的高點。

投資人組成的改變,也是造就今昔差異的關鍵因素之一。2008年以前,亞債持有者來自於亞洲投資人的比例低於50%,而今,新發行的亞債則有超過70%是由亞洲投資人持有。我們相信,透過亞洲投資人的高占比,會降低來自於亞洲以外投機客及部分基金拋售資產的壓力,因這類型投資人傾向在危機時快速地將部位中非指數成分的資產拋售。也就是說,亞洲投資人對於該區域與債券發行人的了解,有助於緩和在市場疲軟的信號開始時,資產遭肆意拋售的風險(參考圖3)。

 

圖三 亞洲投資人占亞債持有比重高達八成7

weather_graph3

從總體經濟來看,我們認知新冠肺炎疫情及其嚴重性仍存在高度不確定,全球金融危機(GFC)也存在與過往顯著的差異。2008年全球金融危機是由金融體系崩潰所引發的突發系統性衝擊,它對實體經濟產生了溢出效應;如今,全球銀行槓桿越來越少,監管制度也相當良好。當前由於許多強制性隔離措施導致全球經濟活動急劇放緩,將損害公司和家庭的收入,新冠肺炎對公司和家庭的壓力,以及經濟復甦的形式,將取決於疫情狀況未來如何發展。

疫情對經濟影響只是暫時的,一旦主要經濟體疫情受到控制,經濟就可能反彈。世界各地政府均採取了史無前例的政策措施來因應疫情對經濟的影響;將幫助許多企業度過短期挑戰。美國也宣布第三階段財政配套,向家庭提供直接現金移轉,以及推出貸款計劃和政府擔保的公司貸款,FED聯準會還採取一系列為降低借貸成本和向市場提供流動性的措施。焦點轉回亞洲,各國政府推出前所未有的財政措施,急著降低利率,有些國家甚至降至歷史低點。

從中國應對病毒的經驗,讓市場對於疫情能被有效遏制燃起希望,雖然疫情的曲線頂峰增長很陡峭,但它可能是短暫的。目前,中國經濟活動逐漸恢復。電力使用逐漸增加,房地產銷售和建築活動也陸續恢復。

投資者情緒是否已觸底目前尚有爭議,但歷史經驗已說明,在全球金融危機(GFC)時期,亞洲債市可能領先於股市引領復甦,過去經驗顯示,S&P 500指數在2009年3月觸底,而亞洲高收益公司債券則在2008年11月觸底,亞洲高收益債表現領先股票市場三個月(參考圖4)。

圖四 S&P 500與摩根大通高收益企業指數8


weather_graph4

 

原油帶來的衝擊?

除了疫情問題,油價也是近期投資人關注焦點,投資人擔心當沙烏地阿拉伯決定增產石油後,石油價格急劇下跌,進而影響亞債資產。對此,投資人無須過度擔憂,因石油和天然氣信貸在亞洲美元高收益信貸市場總額中所占比例不到2%9,遠低於美國高收益債基準指標的12%10。即使油價下跌,對亞洲高收益債市的直接影響仍是有限且可控的。

從總經面來看,低油價不見得是壞事。許多亞洲國家是能源淨進口國,反而可受惠於低油價(參考圖5)。由於社會活動受到大量封鎖,這一輪的低油價可能無法像過去一樣,增加可自由支配的支出,但較低的石油進口費用仍可增加國庫收入,為一些政府提供所需的財政花費,緩和疫情所造成的經濟影響。

 

圖5.布倫特原油從每桶60美元跌至每桶35美元對GDP的影響(%)11

weather_graph5

債信差異化仍是關鍵

由於投資人情緒仍脆弱,槓桿投資人遭受經濟衰退擔憂及賣出壓力兩者夾擊,可能使他們出脫亞洲高收益債部位,因此我們預期短期內波動仍較劇烈。而全球增長放緩也可能引發一系列的評級下調,債務即將到期的發行人可能面臨資金壓力。

在這種環境下,我們認為,對債券發行人的收益前景和流動性的使用進行嚴密監督,以及對這些假設進行壓力測試將至關重要。我們預計全年整體市場違約風險仍可控制,違約率將從2-3%緩步增加。上文強調的支持性政策措施,以及我們所提到的大多數發行人的可控融資需求,可部分緩解違約風險。

對於長期投資人來說,目前任意拋售與價格錯殺,提供亞洲高收益債極佳的切入點。未來操作呢?我們傾向於增加投資組合beta,同時選擇性增加被超賣的債券標的。例如,逐步增加中國高收益房地產領域的超重風險部位,因看好該產業的基本面前景。如前所述,中國房地產銷售和建築活動已逐漸回暖。根據大規模和高質量的開發商指出,每週房屋銷售數據有所改善。我們也沒有看到該產業即將出現再融資風險,同時中國境內資金取得融資信貸也有所緩解。

Sources:
Bloomberg. As of 27 March 2020.
2 Bloomberg. As of 27 March 2020.
3 Bloomberg. As of 27 March 2020.
4 Source: Eastspring Investments, Bloomberg, JPMorgan, March 2020, based on weekly data.
5 Eastspring Investments, Bloomberg, JPMorgan, 27 March 2020, based on weekly data.
6 Using historical JPMorgan Asia Credit – Non-Investment Grade index spreads over treasuries as a proxy, from end September 2005 to 27 March 2020, using weekly data.
7 Bloomberg, EMDB, Morgan Stanley Research. Data as of 31 December 2019. 
8 Bloomberg, Eastspring Investments. March 2020. 
9 JPMorgan Asia Credit Non-Investment Grade Index 
10 ICE BofAML US High Yield Index.
11 JPMorgan estimates, 13 March 2020; GDP weighted, assumes no changes to existing subsidies/tax policies.
 

This document is produced by Eastspring Investments (Singapore) Limited and issued in:

Singapore and Australia (for wholesale clients only) by Eastspring Investments (Singapore) Limited (UEN: 199407631H), which is incorporated in Singapore, is exempt from the requirement to hold an Australian financial services licence and is licensed and regulated by the Monetary Authority of Singapore under Singapore laws which differ from Australian laws.

Hong Kong by Eastspring Investments (Hong Kong) Limited and has not been reviewed by the Securities and Futures Commission of Hong Kong.

Indonesia by PT Eastspring Investments Indonesia, an investment manager that is licensed, registered and supervised by the Indonesia Financial Services Authority (OJK).

Malaysia by Eastspring Investments Berhad (531241-U).

United States of America (for institutional clients only) by Eastspring Investments (Singapore) Limited (UEN: 199407631H), which is incorporated in Singapore and is registered with the U.S Securities and Exchange Commission as a registered investment adviser.

European Economic Area (for professional clients only) and Switzerland (for qualified investors only) by Eastspring Investments (Luxembourg) S.A., 26, Boulevard Royal, 2449 Luxembourg, Grand-Duchy of Luxembourg, registered with the Registre de Commerce et des Sociétés (Luxembourg), Register No B 173737.

United Kingdom (for professional clients only) by Eastspring Investments (Luxembourg) S.A. - UK Branch, 125 Old Broad Street, London EC2N 1AR.

Chile (for institutional clients only) by Eastspring Investments (Singapore) Limited (UEN: 199407631H), which is incorporated in Singapore and is licensed and regulated by the Monetary Authority of Singapore under Singapore laws which differ from Chilean laws.

The afore-mentioned entities are hereinafter collectively referred to as Eastspring Investments.

The views and opinions contained herein are those of the author on this page, and may not necessarily represent views expressed or reflected in other Eastspring Investments’ communications. This document is solely for information purposes and does not have any regard to the specific investment objective, financial situation and/or particular needs of any specific persons who may receive this document. This document is not intended as an offer, a solicitation of offer or a recommendation, to deal in shares of securities or any financial instruments. It may not be published, circulated, reproduced or distributed without the prior written consent of Eastspring Investments. Reliance upon information in this posting is at the sole discretion of the reader. Please consult your own professional adviser before investing.

Investment involves risk. Past performance and the predictions, projections, or forecasts on the economy, securities markets or the economic trends of the markets are not necessarily indicative of the future or likely performance of Eastspring Investments or any of the funds managed by Eastspring Investments.

Information herein is believed to be reliable at time of publication. Data from third party sources may have been used in the preparation of this material and Eastspring Investments has not independently verified, validated or audited such data. Where lawfully permitted, Eastspring Investments does not warrant its completeness or accuracy and is not responsible for error of facts or opinion nor shall be liable for damages arising out of any person’s reliance upon this information. Any opinion or estimate contained in this document may subject to change without notice.

Eastspring Investments (excluding JV companies) companies are ultimately wholly-owned/indirect subsidiaries/associate of Prudential plc of the United Kingdom. Eastspring Investments companies (including JV’s) and Prudential plc are not affiliated in any manner with Prudential Financial, Inc., a company whose principal place of business is in the United States of America.