2023年市場展望:追蹤中國經濟重啟的動態

中國的新冠病毒零感染政策及房地產行業的動盪對2022年的中國經濟及股市構成壓力。我們認為,就對投資人的影響而言,我們已經度過了最壞時期,而由於估值、盈利預期及投資者持倉均處於極低水平,隨著中國在2023年重啟經濟,該市場的潛在上行空間吸引。

中國政府在2023年面臨多項政策取捨,因為其致力在長遠而言創造更加平衡及可持續的經濟,同時希望確保短期內的社會穩定。然而,由於中國實施新冠病毒零感染政策,加上全球經濟放緩及地緣政治緊張局勢升溫,要在各方面取得平衡變得更為複雜。

投資中國的根據

儘管中國最近面對宏觀及地緣政治挑戰,但我們認為,投資人依然有理由在投資組合中持有中國股票。長遠而言,經濟發展依然是中國共產黨的重要事項——根據第20次黨代會報告,中國的人均 國內生產總值目標是到2035年以超過5%的複合平均增長率增長。國內消費增加、增長動力更多元化以及資源配置改善應能帶來更平衡的經濟。

儘管美國最近對中國公司取得先進半導體晶片的能力施加限制,但我們認為,隨著政府專注於創新及供應鏈安全,中國的創新步伐將不會減慢。隨著中國致力實現半導體供應本地化,預計未來五年,中國晶圓代工產能的增長速度將是世界其他地區的兩倍以上1

中國A股市場是龐大及多元化的股票市場,為投資人提供實現投資組合多元化的重大機會。中國A股與已發展市場的相關性為0.39,與新興市場的相關性為0.492。中國的債券市場亦是全球最大的債券市場之一。自2013年以來,中國政府債券與全球政府債券之間的相關性偏低,僅有0.24,為全球投資人帶來分散投資的優勢 。由於投資人大幅減持以上兩種資產類別,提高相關配置的潛在好處變得吸引。

獲取超額收益的投資機會

中國股市方面,我們認為能配合中國戰略目標以及將受惠於中國結構性增長趨勢的行業均提供獲取超額收益的機會。

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然而,在短期內,我們認為服務業、工業及原材料行業將受惠於中國的經濟重啟及復甦。由於全球大部分央行將在2023年以較緩慢的步伐繼續加息,我們預計中國的政策制定者將維持寬鬆的貨幣政策,利多中國債券表現。隨著政府微調防疫政策(減少大規模檢測及縮短隔離日數),同時推出更多房地產行業扶持措施(降低對託管賬戶資金的限制,在融資方面為私人發展商提供支持),我們預計中國的經濟增長將在2023年第一季觸底。鑑於政策放寬的影響滯後,短期基本因素有可能持續受壓。中國有機會在2023年上半年左右全面重啟,其國內生產總值增長率或會由2022年的3%至4%回升至2023年的4%至5%。話雖如此,隨著經濟反彈,無序的經濟重啟及通膨升溫將是中國的主要風險。

房地產市場要待2023年底方能扭轉形勢

政府在2022年第四季宣佈多項措施,協助紓緩房地產行業的流動性壓力。當局撥出2,500億元人民幣的融資額度以支持私人發展商,而中國人民銀行及中國銀行保險監督管理委員會則發佈了關於完工單位交付、再融資及風險管理的「16條措施」。該措施首次確認支持房地產公司而不僅是房地產項目的重要性。銀行減持房地產行業的寬限期亦有所延長。然而,措施如何落實仍然是關鍵所在,房地產行業正常化必須依賴實體銷售的復甦。

撰文時,一手銷售及房地產投資仍然疲弱,買家需要一段時間才能重拾信心。因此,房地產行業的基本因素不太可能在2023年底前好轉。隨著政府積極降低系統性風險及刺激市場氣氛,房地產相關行業可能會獲市場重新估值,但其上行空間將受限於仍然疲弱的基本因素。在這環境下,相較私人發展商,我們繼續偏好國有發展商。

由於基建將在短期內成為重要的增長動力,地方政府融資平台繼續在支撐經濟方面發揮關鍵作用。地方政府融資平台由地方政府全資擁有,其設立的目的是為地方公共基建及社會福利項目融資、投資及營運相關項目。儘管房地產行業衰退導致市場憂慮這些平台的財務狀況,但其與地方政府緊密聯繫,加上任何違約事件均有可能破壞相關地區的融資環境,因此政府將提供支持以協助解決地方政府融資平台的債務問題。此外,隨著中國逐步重啟,地方政府的收支平衡有可能在2023年改善。

投資影響

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作者:

Michelle Qi, Head of Equities, Eastspring China
Paul Chong, Portfolio Manager, Equities, Eastspring Singapore
Wai Mei Leong, Portfolio Manager, Fixed Income, Eastspring Singapore
Janet Lu, Head of Fixed Income, Eastspring China
Jingjing Weng, Head of Research, Eastspring China

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