舊經濟的逆襲—未來十年有何不同?

即將到來的全球復甦意味著更高的消費支出、新的資本性支出(Capex)週期及對特定成長型行業更強的控管。因此,新興市場股票的投資人需要尋找不同的路徑,以求未來幾年在投資上有所斬獲。

在新興市場價值投資連續十年表現不佳後,我們看到成長股和優質股的價格被極度高估。展望未來,無論估值起點如何,我們目前都看到價值股的估值處於順風,以及利多價值股的投資環境。

自 2020 年 9 月以來,新冠疫苗接種逐步推出,全球一致採取財政和貨幣刺激措施,股市因此持續上漲。在這輪反彈中,價值股的表現大幅跑贏大盤。現在的投資人想知道的是價值反彈是否還有更多空間,或者成長股在新形勢下能否站穩腳跟。我們認為,未來幾年將完全不同於剛剛結束的全球金融危機 (GFC)過後的十年,而更類似於在此之前所經歷的經濟復甦期,其中包括網路泡沫破裂後的復甦期(post-dot-com era)。

復甦情況大為不同

全球金融危機過後的十年之初,各國政府推出了一些有史以來最嚴厲的財政緊縮計畫,試圖恢復金融體系。在這種財政緊縮情況下,我們看到企業投資水準低下,造成經濟增長不溫不火且充滿不確定性。政府希望動員消費者去槓桿化,而中央銀行則旨在遏制任何通膨跡象。

相反,如今各國推出了前所未有的財政和貨幣擴張計畫,更類似於其他經濟復甦時期,其中包括網路泡沫破裂後的復甦期。政府專注於扶持實體經濟增長,而非僅僅關注銀行體系。過去18個月消費受到抑制,導致儲蓄達到歷史高位。我們預計這將在短期內推升消費者需求。此外,我們看到政府(以基礎設施支出的形式)和企業的資本性支出週期即將到來。鑒於過去幾年沒有通膨壓力,中央銀行在應對初期通膨信號時更加克制。不斷上升的通膨預期,以及與之相關的更高利率往往利多金融、能源和工業等週期性行業。

我們認為,未來的經濟復甦將更接近全球金融危機以前的經濟復甦,包括價值股長期表現優異的 2002-2008 年。從下述圖1中羅素 1000 價值和成長指數看全球價值股的相對表現,我們發現,我們可能遵循著類似於世紀交替時的模式。代表價值股與成長股從 2015 年至今的相對表現的紅線似乎正在追隨代表兩種風格從1995年到2007年的相對表現的灰線。

圖1︰羅素1000價值指數與成長指數相對表現(累計)
羅素1000價值指數與成長指數相對表現(累計)
資料來源:瀚亞投資,Refinitiv Eikon Datastream, 2021年3月31日。


變革的推動力

隨著全球經濟復甦,我們注意到強勁的盈利修正趨勢。 在過去三個月中,盈利修正趨勢保持正向,大多數行業向上修正多於向下。 其中,能源、原材料和銀行等週期性行業的盈利修正最為積極。這對價值股而言是個好兆頭。 

圖2︰全球各個板塊三個月盈利修正
全球各個板塊三個月盈利修正
資料來源:BofA全球量化策略,MSCI,IBES。2021年7月20日。


價值股相對於優質股和成長股的估值的極端表現也促使市場看好目前價值股的經濟前景(見圖3)。全球金融危機後我們沒有看到過這種水準的估值差異。當時,我們面臨著糟糕的經濟環境,相對於價值股,更利多成長和優質股。

圖3︰新興市場成長相對於新興市場價值 – 本益比
新興市場成長相對於新興市場價值 – 本益比
資料來源:麥格理定量研究,2021年5月31日。MSCI 新興市場中成長前五分位(按麥格理成長得分)與價值前五分位(按麥格理價值得分)股票的相對本益比。


此外,數位革命是全球金融危機後的關鍵投資主題之一。企業、政府和消費者正在構建和整合資本性支出相對較少的軟體和數位平臺。雖然數位化仍然是一個重要趨勢,但我們相信脫碳革命將是下一個十年的重要特徵。隨著消費者和公司逐漸擺脫高碳消費,需要在實體經濟方面進行大規模的基礎設施和資本性支出投資。

同時,許多近年來跑贏大盤的大型昂貴的電商、科技和網際網路企業相對不受控管。這些企業正面臨來自政府和控管機構日益嚴格的審查。這可能會讓它們與現有企業處於公平的競爭環境中,並在未來放緩其增長率。

投資人需另闢蹊徑

大多數新興市場股票策略似乎沒有為這種情況做好充分準備。這些策略有許多仍然偏向於昂貴的技術和新經濟主題,而金融、工業和公用事業等相對便宜的實體經濟領域更明確地彰顯價值。在過去六個月中,採用紀律嚴明的價值投資方法的策略表現出色。

未來本質上是不確定的,但如果我們對經濟復甦的可能形態和股市的反應的預判是正確的,那麼紀律嚴明的價值投資人仍然有很大的投資機會。我們認為,新興市場股票的投資人應該通過嚴謹的價值投資方法來對沖這類風險。 

 
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