駕馭不斷演變的新興股市

進入後疫情時期,新興市場面對更多衝擊,同時亦展現偌大的投資機會。如何在不斷演變的新興市場中突圍致勝?瀚亞投資認為,穩健的估值分析、搭配豐富的操作經驗,將是經得起時間驗證的最佳投資策略。

環顧過去20年,MSCI新興市場指數所涵蓋的國家/地區、行業及股票成份等經歷重大變動,充分反映出新興市場國家深受經濟週期、社會政治事件、政府改革政策、行業趨勢及眾多其他因素的影響;不僅如此,也受到許多技術性因素所左右,例如:指數成份規則、主題投資興起和交易所買賣基金(ETF)的普及。最近,金融市場興起ESG(環境、社會及公司治理)投資風潮,投資人越來越關注性別平等、碳足跡和良好企業公民等社會議題。而本文只專注分析部份大型國家和產業在過去20年的發展趨勢。

從市場指數看新興國家興衰

先從「國家」面向來看(見圖1 ),多年來許多國家獲納入和被剔除(偶爾獲重新納入)MSCI新興市場指數,但有一些重大變動值得我們留意。

一、中國權重大增:20年前中國僅占MSCI新興市場指數的5%,隨著驚人的經濟增長,加上逐步向外國投資人開放內地金融市場,目前中國占該指數的比重已超過35%,自然也排擠其他主要市場比重下滑,例如2002年時,南韓占新興市場中最大權重約20%;對比目前,比重降至約10%。同樣地,2002年南非占指數比重接近15%,目前則少於5%。

二、巴西曇花一現:巴西是見證指數比重(及經濟)起伏的最佳例子。在商品行情帶動下,2000年巴西占指數比重少於10%,2009年大舉升至17%,一度成為第二大指數成份國。2007年遭遇全球金融危機衝擊,其升幅戛然而止,目前只占MSCI新興市場指數的5%。

此外,新興市場的產業成分與趨勢也很值得探究。

一、金融:目前是最大權重的行業,占MSCI新興市場指數24%,2000年僅占17%。這反映出銀行業對經濟的舉足輕重,使其穩占指數比重。 

二、科技:2000年資訊科技曾是最大權重的行業,占指數19%,隨著科技股泡沫爆破,使其比重急跌至10%。而後,資訊科技業比重又開始逐步回升,現已成為第二大權重行業,比重回升至16%,在新興市場和已開發市場的重要性與日俱增。

不過,雖然科技業權重回升,但仍可能低估目前科技業的真正規模,原因在於:指數成份股定義的變動,許多巨型企業可能被歸類在非科技業。舉例來說,阿里巴巴由原本的資訊科技業,被轉為非必需消費品業,帶動後者的指數比重升至近15%。 

圖1:MSCI新興市場指數個別國家比重(%) — 2001年至2020年
fig20200724-1

三、商品原物料:在商品超級週期帶動下,原物料和能源業由21世紀初占指數22%,2007年升至高峰時超過30%。之後,兩者比重快速急跌,目前合計僅略高於10%。正如過去景氣週期流轉,當商品週期見底時,市場自然充斥著供應過剩和需求前景未明的憂慮,有在關注油價走勢的投資人,對此趨勢應該不陌生。

總結,上文並非是預測商品價格上升或科技業是否逆轉,瀚亞投資純粹僅就觀察新興市場過去出現的轉變做出評析。

圖2:MSCI新興市場指數個別行業比重(%) — 2001年至2020年
fig20200724-2

新興市場的變與不變

雖然新興市場一直在變,但投資人偏好與投資取向,可能一直保持原樣。人類情緒和投資人者行為偏差,將繼續帶來股票被錯誤定價的機會,謹守紀律的價值型投資人,反而可善用這些機會獲利。

戰鬥或逃跑(fight or flight)是最原始的人類行為偏差,常常存在於股市。當避險情緒升溫,投資人往往會蜂擁至受追捧和具防守性的優質股,因受到情緒影響,一般會為穩定性和安全性支付過高的代價,也會不顧估值是否合理而遠離週期股。

短期主義或近期偏見是另一項常見偏差。投資人過分關注一家公司短期績效,並且視為是永久或長久的趨勢,因此付出高昂的相關代價。然而,歷史總是不斷提醒我們,只有極少數公司能在一段長時間獲得高於平均的成長率,而市場總會快速拋售表現令人失望的公司。

嚴守紀律不可少

我們認為,投資人需要嚴謹的投資理念和策略,方能駕馭新興市場不斷演變的市況,從而發掘市場的行為偏差,把握住結構性超額回報的機會。

這包括對股票的研究,從相對、絕對估值如:本益比(PE),股價淨值比(PB)和股息收益率(DY)等指標,找出具吸引力的股票。從股價表現來評估這些指標,可以幫助投資人發掘過去評價高、但因事件而導致估值大幅回落的股票。這項紀律原則亦有助投資人迴避誘惑,以免過度關注備受追捧且最熱門和有「新鮮感」、但估值非常貴的股票。

瀚亞投資團隊股票研究時並無單一方法,每項股票研究都可能需要不同的觀點。然而,擁有依賴於多種方法的標準估值模型,可以幫助防止潛意識內為實現所需估值目標而付出的努力。透過折現現金流量(DCF)、剩餘收益分析(RI)、股息折現模型(DDM)的倍數方法,以及早前提述的倍數估值方法,亦可緩減個別方法的固有潛在偏差。

此外,了解公司現金流、負債水平和ESG等方面的潛在風險,亦同樣重要。在這些情況下,我們發現並無其他方法可以替代經驗累積或親身參與,包括諮詢專家意見和與管理層會談。

最重要的是,我們認為投資人者應聚焦於企業的可持續收益,而非猜測其短期盈利。公司價格往往會因市場過度關注近期盈利而變得便宜。不過,若投資人能夠看透眼前憂慮和恐慌,應可在盈利恢復正常時,受惠於其上升潛力。

瀚亞投資經得起時間考驗

對新興市場來說,變化絕非新事。在後疫情時期,供應鏈衝擊、商品價格動態和新興市場政策近日推行寬鬆措施,將帶來長遠影響和進一步的變化。與此同時,這些價格錯置會為長線投資人提供機會。我們認為,在前景不明朗的時期,投資聚焦在持久的事物較為合理。多年來,我們一直堅定不移聚焦於估值和公司的可持續盈利趨勢,加上團隊多元化和深入的經驗,有助我們駕馭未來市場變化,並且成功經歷時間的考驗。

Sources:
1 Quadria Capital : Shaping Asia’s healthcare for tomorrow, Sep 2018
2 https://www.cnbctv18.com/market/covid-19-side-effect-key-indian-pharma-shares-hit-52-week-highs-5680001.htm
3 Healthcare IT spending forecast and trends by IDC – May 2019
4 https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/04/13/2014947/0/en/Wearable-Medical-Devices-Market-to-Generate-67-2-Billion-Revenue-by-2030-P-S-Intelligence.html
5 Asia HealthTech Investment Landscape 2018 Report, Galen Growth Asia, January 2019 
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