2023年市場展望:準備好面對一個全新的常態

隨著我們踏入2023年,另一個新常態已經來臨。正如一些疫情引起的變化已經變得根深蒂固,通膨很可能會高於疫情前數十年的水準。因此,在全球地緣政治緊張局勢升溫之際,寬鬆貨幣的時代已經結束。面對這種環境,投資組合的選擇及佈署必須保持靈活主動。

2022年對於大部分投資人而言相當艱鉅,而2023年可能更具挑戰性。已開發市場(尤其美國及歐洲)的成長放緩及金融狀況收緊為全球經濟前景蒙上陰霾。市場也日益接受通膨將較原先預計更為持久的觀點,而目前討論聯準會政策是否轉向仍為時尚早。

成長風險將加劇

全球採購經理指數持續下跌,加上不同地區工廠產量整體走弱,意味著全球貨品行業陷入衰退,導致市場將其與2000年至2003年期間科技行業主導的衰退進行比較。

全球採購經理指數新訂單數量下降

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市場走勢很大程度上取決於通膨軌跡以及其對已開發市場貨幣政策的影響。儘管有跡象顯示通膨已經見頂,但美國勞動市場緊張及工資成長強勁可能迫使聯準會維持更長時間的鷹派政策。同時,通膨另一個動力來源,居高不下的能源價格可能面臨更大上行壓力,尤其受中國開始重啟影響,這可能延長各國央行與通膨對抗的週期。而另一方面,導致商品價格下跌的外部因素可能使通膨迅速降溫,使貨幣緊縮階段較預期更早結束。

儘管如此,我們認為目前的情況可能會延續至2023年第一季。預計聯準會將在2023年繼續收緊貨幣政策,但幅度及頻率將取決於失業率上升或消費物價下降的速度。聯準會的中位數預測目前顯示利率將在2023年進一步上升,然後在2024年回落。目前而言,除非金融市場發生極端風險事件,否則可能在2023年中才會達到升息週期的高峰。

因此,隨著通膨高峰過去以及聯準會鷹派政策結束,全球經濟有可能在2023年下半好轉。由於美國消費者目前的財政狀況遠遠更為穩健(即使與2008年全球金融危機時相比),任何即將發生的經濟衰退與過往相比之下應該更為溫和。

我們認為,股票在經濟衰退期間的下跌空間更大,尤其美國股票約佔全球股票的63%,而科技股在主要市值指數中亦佔有很大比例。然而,股票跌幅將取決於經濟衰退的程度(即經濟衰退越嚴重,股票的跌幅便越大)。也就是說,在美元見頂的背景下進一步放寬金融條件將帶動風險資產在 2023 年下半年獲得更好的表現。

新興市場相對穩健

新興市場的央行亦施行貨幣緊縮的政策,但整體上仍未達已開發市場收緊的步伐和幅度。這是由於大多數新興經濟體的國內需求通常相對弱,工資成長的情況也較低,因此其通膨環境較美國疲弱。由於防疫限制措施及房屋市場疲弱等因素,中國的國內需求及通膨環境雙雙走弱,正好足以反映上述情況。

亞洲的通膨相對溫和,部分原因是其針對疫情而推出的財政刺激措施規模較小(相對於美國),因能源衝擊而遭受的影響也較輕微(相對於歐洲),加上政府補貼多,其中部分補貼已傳導至消費者身上。與此同時,亞洲央行一直在努力控制利率差距,以抑制貨幣貶值及輸入性通膨。儘管已開發市場利率上升迫使亞洲殖利率同步上升,但由於整體經濟環境疲弱、通膨棘手性也較低,市場價格難以反映亞洲央行進一步大幅政策緊縮的影響。

總而言之,就新興市場股票而言,2020年代展開的形式與2010年代截然不同。2010年代是成長及優質投資完美背景環境,投資人被鼓勵以高昂的代價換取穩定而具成長性的潛在未來回報,電子商務領域尤甚。然而,2020年初開始,我們發現針對疫情產生經濟放緩的支持性政策更加重視實體經濟的投資,資本性支出計劃的時代重新來臨,減碳措施則成為首要考慮因素。經歷動盪的一年後,2022年即將結束,無論是按照歷來的絕對價值抑或相對於已開發市場的價值進行計算,新興市場的估值均帶來非常具吸引力的入市機會。

新興市場非金融企業的資產負債表及估值十分健康

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我們的風險考慮因素

我們認為,由於極端風險事件及地緣政治緊張局勢(即中美、俄烏、中台、伊朗核談判)不斷升溫,目前的市場環境充滿挑戰。眾所周知,地緣政治風險本就難以評估,因為其取決於各參與方無法預測的行為。2022年的俄烏衝突可能提醒投資人,經歷了十年相對和平的地緣政治環境後,我們恐迎來許多大國之間對抗所引發的小型衝突。

流動狀況緊縮以及借貸成本的上升是另一個主要風險。隨著利率上升,無法產生可靠利潤現金流的公司將受到最大影響,亦最為脆弱。美國成長股及科技股相當容易受到估值惡化影響,其估值在利率上升期間將下降。要成為信用良好的機構,公司必須能夠透過借款產生經濟回報。

最後,若通膨持續居高不下,聯準會很有可能將美國經濟推向衰退,投資人需要對此潛在結果保持高度警惕。美元在利率上升及全球風險氣氛惡化的環境下大幅上升,短期內很大機會將維持強勢。新興市場及亞洲國家可能被迫干預市場以降低其貨幣的波動幅度,而儲備迅速減少可能增加其不確定性。

最終,若聯準會透過壓抑總需求以控制通膨,將導致失業率上升以及成長放緩等後果,投資人可能會偏好固定收益投資方案。另一方面,若更多供應方面的措施有助於緩解通膨,則股票可能較容易受到青睞。而我們認為,僅透過供應方面的措施來解決通膨問題的可能性極低。

投資影響

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作者:

Craig Bell, Head of Multi Asset Portfolio Solutions, Eastspring Singapore
Andrew Cormie, Head of GEM and Regional Asia Value Equities, Eastspring Singapore
Danny Tan, Head of Fixed Income, Eastspring Singapore
Rong Ren Goh, Portfolio Manager, Fixed Income, Eastspring Singapore

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