總體經濟憂慮,債券投資人怎麼想?

在我們針對亞洲固定收益進行的全球投資人調查中,受訪者指出經濟基本面對於固定收益投資組合的影響最為關鍵,尤其是通膨的升溫、疫情後國內生產總值的成長、以及寬鬆貨幣政策的緊縮。這些因素將促使投資人重新評估債券持倉,讓亞洲債券有望從中受惠。

分散債券持股、降低固定收益曝險、擴大新興市場及債券種類的固定收益投資組合,是目前投資人應對總體經濟環境憂慮的三大主要方式。耐人尋味的是,由於現階段成熟市場的潛在債券收益相當有限,投資人反而更加偏好亞洲債券市場。

亞洲市場的長期成長基本面強勁,吸引全球投資人增加亞洲的投資意願,因為相對於成熟市場,亞洲政府及企業債券能夠提供更具吸引力的報酬。下文將針對總體經濟面,及目前的波動環境可能對亞洲固定收益市場造成的影響,進行深入探討。

低通膨時代已經結束?

根據市場調查,75%的受訪者對於居高不下的通膨感到擔憂。北美洲與歐洲的最新數據顯示,消費者物價指數已來到十多年的新高水平;主要經濟體的通膨,歸因於新冠肺炎疫情趨緩後的經濟復甦、能源價格上漲以及全球供應鏈瓶頸這三大主因。

儘管主要成熟市場國家的央行表示不急於升息,並持續強調近期的物價飆漲只是基本面的暫時現象,但其它各國已經轉而開始緊縮貨幣政策。挪威央行是成熟市場中首個升息的央行;紐西蘭央行則在睽違七年後首次升息。目前,投資人正關注美國聯準會是否可能會在達到充分就業前,被迫提早升息。

亞洲方面,新冠肺炎疫情的反覆封鎖,抑制了國內需求,讓通膨繼續保持溫和。(見圖1)能源價格飆升方面,雖然亞洲市場同樣因此受到影響,引發市場對於亞洲的通膨憂慮,但鑒於亞洲向來的價格僵固性、電價穩定協議及時滯效應,亞洲經濟體對能源價格上漲的通膨敏感度較低。大部分的亞洲國家,也因為國內的食品價格溫和及貿易順差,讓各國央行決定保持現有政策,以利支持剛起步的經濟復甦。

亞洲國家唯一升息的是韓國央行,由於韓國的房地產價格上漲及經濟成長動能強勁,韓國央行是亞洲首間在此政策週期中升息的央行。過去,亞洲的央行已證明其有能力忽略商品價格的上漲,比起認為通膨會產生長期不良影響,更傾向將通膨視為經濟成長的隱性稅,意及通膨是經濟成長必然的連帶產物,只要運用政策將通膨速度控制,就不須過度擔憂。因此,在亞洲的央行的政策框架下,我們預計亞洲債券市場,相較於全球債券市場更為穩健。

圖1. 亞洲地區的通膨在過去一直低於其他地區
1-Macro_concerns_weigh_on_bond_investors

資料來源:Haver Analytics、巴克萊研究

全球的經濟復甦步伐不一致

超過60%的受訪者認為疫後的經濟成長是未來的最大隱憂。儘管世界銀行預測2021年全球經濟成長率將達到5.6%,幅度創下80年來新高;但自從2020年新冠肺炎疫情爆發的經濟萎縮,到目前疫情趨緩後的經濟復甦,參考新出口訂單指數等經濟前導指標,顯示經濟成長有放緩的跡象,復甦趨勢似乎已經無法再有所突破。另一項受訪者關注的議題,則是各國經濟成長的步伐不一致。雖然成熟市場的國內生產總值似乎有望重振疫情前走勢,市場預期美國及歐洲分別會在2022年及2025年重返經濟軌道;但相反地,疫情可能對新興市場國家造成深遠的打擊,導致新興市場國家的成長預測較疫情前平淡。

面對一再復燃的新冠肺炎疫情,加上疫苗接種率停滯不前,許多亞洲國家必須重新實施社交封鎖令,進而打擊國內消費、拖累工廠的生產進度和放慢成長步伐。此外,中國近日也公布相較於預期疲弱的經濟數據。儘管如此,中國政府是否會對中國經濟成長放緩的趨勢做出應對,依然值得我們關注。因為有別於其他經濟體,中國人民銀行仍然有大量鬆綁貨幣政策和提供財政刺激措施的空間優勢。

最後,印度也是不容小覷的新興經濟體。隨著印度國內的新冠肺炎疫苗接種率提高、經濟解封及單日新增確診數的下降,亞洲大國印度正展現強勁的經濟復甦動能。儘管其餘疫情更為嚴重的亞洲國家在經濟前景上較不樂觀,但亞洲地區仍然是市場預期在2022年及2023年會獲得全球最快經濟成長的地區。(見圖2)

圖2. 亞洲地區仍將是全球經濟成長最快速的地區
2-Macro_concerns_weigh_on_bond_investors

資料來源:野村,2021年9月及花旗Velocity,2021年9月

風平浪靜的縮減購債

接下來,我們將探討受訪者的第三大市場憂慮¬¬—縮減購債。2013年,美國聯準會表達即將緊縮維持僅數個月的量化寬鬆政策訊號後,引發市場恐慌及金融動盪,此動盪一直到聯準會後來針對縮減購債及利率政策做出明確劃分後才得以平息。

我們認為市場再次因為縮減購債而引起恐慌的可能性較低,一方面是市場已經充分了解聯準會的將於今年年底開始縮債的意向;另一方面是固定收益市場自2013年以來已有顯著的成長,聯準會減少資產購買規模並不會對市場造成重大影響。投資者方面也開始接受縮債的勢在必行,因此目前新興市場投資組合的資金流入減少,從而限制債券市場受到縮債的影響而波動的可能性。

甚而至於,我們認為提早升息的風險,相較於縮債更為負面。截至目前為止,我們預期美國聯準會的升息,將於縮減購債結束後的六個月,也就是2022年年底開始。

對亞洲債券的影響

本文撰寫時,通膨數據已經造成債券市場波動,中國政府的監管措施也讓資本市場有重大變化。不過,從全球的角度來看,亞洲地區仍然屬於高速成長的地區,從傳統銀行貸款轉向資本市場融資的趨勢仍然繼續。

鑑於現階段亞洲的通膨前景樂觀,我們不太擔心亞洲會升息,同時我們也認為政府釋放出的經濟振興政策,可能還需要一段時間才會逐漸回收。亞洲地區各國的利率前景及債務狀況不一,這為投資人提供了亞洲當地貨幣政府債券的戰術性買賣機會,也讓證券發行人可以從亞洲普遍寬鬆的總體經濟環境中受惠。

近期的亞洲高收益市場,的確因為中國房地產業持續面臨違約風險而受挫;不過相反地,亞洲投資級債券市場需求仍然穩健。因此,投資人必須審慎地挑選投資標的,把握市場的超額報酬機會。我們相信,目前全球的經濟成長預測和短暫的通膨,將利多風險性資產,亞洲信貸市場也能在尋求報酬的全球趨勢中持續受惠。

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