俄烏衝突對亞洲債券市場的影響

受到全球利率下跌以及亞洲普遍強勁的經濟和企業基本面支持,亞洲債券市場及貨幣在俄烏衝突持續的環境下表現相對穩健。但由於國際局勢仍然不穩定,我們將持續關注亞洲發行人在軍事衝突持續下對風險的敏感度。

俄羅斯於2022年2月24日宣佈在烏克蘭採取軍事行動。撰寫本文時,烏克蘭境內的戰爭仍然繼續,雙方之間的談判即將展開。帶頭對俄羅斯實施制裁的西方國家主要針對俄羅斯的金融業(即主權銀行),包括俄羅斯中央銀行、與國家領導階層有密切關係的個人以及於2022年3月1日後發行的新債務展開限制。此外,部分俄羅斯銀行被踢出環球銀行金融電信協會(SWIFT)的國際支付系統,確切名單仍待歐盟確認。

這些制裁無疑已經對俄羅斯資本市場的整體功能產生影響,迫使俄羅斯實施資本管制並暫停當地股市交易。最近,俄羅斯中央銀行也宣佈將暫停對外匯款,包括向外國人支付的票息及股息。由於整體經濟的不穩定,加上市場氛圍惡化,俄羅斯債券價格已回調到10至50美分的不良資產水準,流動性亦偏低。

亞洲債券及貨幣目前穩健

在總體經濟面上,俄烏衝突對亞洲的直接影響在短期內受控,因為亞洲與俄羅斯及烏克蘭的貿易較少。制裁方面,並非所有亞洲國家都對俄羅斯實施制裁,例如中國就宣佈撤銷所有對俄羅斯實施的小麥進口限制,為未來中國增加進口俄羅斯小麥鋪路。

基於上述原因,我們預期近期主要影響亞洲債券市場的因素主要為風險偏好波動、能源價格上漲及商品上升。自衝突開始以來,惡化的市場風險情緒導致了亞洲美元信用及亞洲貨幣等亞洲風險資產表現疲軟。不過,這些資產的跌幅仍屬溫和,亞洲美元信用市場下跌約1%1

圖1:亞洲投資級別企業信用利差區間較溫和
1-impact-of-russia-ukraine-conflict-on-asian-bond-markets
資料來源︰彭博、瀚亞投資,截至2022年3月。

匯市方面,亞洲貨幣兌美元平均微幅下跌0.7%2,新興市場債券及貨幣市場則下跌4%至5%。全球利率因全球經濟成長的不確定性增加而下跌,帶動亞洲當地貨幣政府債券表現相對良好。

亞洲債券及貨幣表現相對穩健,凸顯出市場認為亞洲相較於歐美國家,受到俄烏衝突的直接影響較小,而且亞洲普遍強勁的經濟基本面也能為外部衝擊提供緩衝。根據亞洲信用市場的過去資料,也證明了亞洲市場在通膨嚴重的時期﹙即2011年及2014年﹚違約率不會顯著上升。

俄烏衝突仍可能對亞洲各國帶來不同影響

我們留意到石油及商品價格上升仍會讓亞洲的通膨率有上行壓力,例如糧食及卑金屬價格,這會讓各國央行必須採取應變措施,並為亞洲的經濟成長和貨幣政策帶來不確定性。

俄烏戰爭對個別國家的影響各有不同。菲律賓、印度及泰國對油價上升更加敏感;印尼及馬來西亞身為能源及商品出口國,貿易條件有望獲得改善。此外,同樣值得注意的是,雖然整個亞洲的通膨預計會上升,但通膨上升卻不一定會導致亞洲央行選擇更早開始緊縮貨幣政策,尤其目前亞洲國家之間的經濟實力仍存在明顯差距。

就歷史經驗而言,亞洲國家的央行比起穩定通膨,更多的是朝著支撐經濟成長的大方向擬定政策。針對通膨,政府通常以行政或財政措施來抑制商品價格的上漲,增加石油補貼就是其中一個例子,目前為止,亞洲各國也仍有能力以這種方式應對通膨。此外,由於大多數亞洲國家的政府負債比低於70%, 這也讓各國有空間以增加政府支出的方式,消化能源及商品價格上漲對於市場的影響。

大部分亞洲企業能消化俄烏衝突帶來的短期影響

企業方面,亞洲企業對俄羅斯及烏克蘭的業務往來和投資同樣大致可控,不過生產成本的提高會對不同產業有不一樣的影響。能源、卑金屬、煤炭及棕櫚油等的亞洲生產商可能受惠於能源及商品價格上升;反之,依賴商品和能源的發電及製造業可能會受到不利影響。而且,儘管是產業相同,個別企業的價格漲跌幅也會有差異,例如有些企業會將價格的漲幅轉嫁給消費者、有些能獲得政府的政策補助(通常是政府持有的公用事業)、有些則可以找到替代品暫時代替昂貴的原物料成本。

總括而言,若能源及商品價格上漲只是暫時的,而且政府的應對措施能有效緩解價格持續上漲,我們相信大多數的亞洲企業都能夠抵禦俄烏衝突的短期影響。其次,我們會持續追蹤債券發行人對於供應鏈風險的敏感度,根據估值選出我們認為的產業贏家與輸家,並對投資組合進行調整。最後,我們也會留意世界各國對俄烏衝突做出的制裁是否有可能會導致供應鏈危機惡化,為全球經濟帶來廣泛影響外,也影響到我們投資策略的基本假設。

圖2:亞洲政府的負債比良好
2-impact-of-russia-ukraine-conflict-on-asian-bond-markets
資料來源:CEIC、摩根史坦利,2022年2月。註︰新加坡的債務水準並非反映其負債比高,而是反映新加坡政府為了發展當地債券市場而發行政府公債。新加坡政府為淨債權人。

 

1. 以摩根大通亞洲信用指數作為替代指標,2022年2月23日至3月4日。
2. 採用亞洲貨幣指數作為替代指標,2022年2月23日至3月4日。
 
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