遭拋售低估的背後 日股投資機會再現

眼見真的為憑?日本股市出現嚴重折價,價格面看來充分反應出經濟衰退訊號,但真的是這樣嗎?實際上,日本企業資產負債表狀況相當健全,擁有因應對新冠肺炎影響的能力。只是,疫情期間無差別的恐慌拋售,使日本資產因定價錯誤而遭到低估,但這反而提供進場的好機會。

新冠肺炎帶來了前所未有的影響,為了預防感染高峰造成醫療體系崩潰,各國政府陸續實施城市封鎖、保持社交距離等極端措施,卻也導致全球經濟大停擺;為了避免經濟衰退,各國政府開始施行迅速又極端的經濟政策。這場全球公衛危機對於政治、經濟、文化與社會皆帶來了嚴峻的挑戰,疫情何時結束的未知與不確定性,總挑起市場敏感的神經,全球資產面臨高波動與情緒性的拋售。

日本股市已充分反應經濟衰退

面對新冠肺炎的眾多影響,其中一項危機是全球供應鏈「斷鏈」及需求不振,對日本企業的影響可見於圖一,日本PMI服務業採購經理人指數與消費者信心指數在2020年以來迅速下滑,反應了市場對疫情影響未知的預期。 

 

圖一a:日本PMI服務業採購經理人指數

 

圖一b:日本消費者信心指數

fig-1a-japan-pmi fig-1b-japan-consumer-confidence

投資者所面臨的挑戰是,如何區別疫情的影響哪些是暫時?哪些是永久?目前的市場價格波動僅反映短期的疫情與政府舉措,未能顯示長期的經濟環境。然而透過摩根大通公布的跨資產隱含衰退機率(見圖二),我們認為市場價格已經充分反應了嚴重的全球衰退。

圖二:跨資產隱含衰退機率

fig-2-probability-of-recession

隨著對未來的不確定性越來越高,市場價格目前僅反應了短期可見的收益。參考圖三,充分顯現投資人湧進已然高估的防禦型股票以求避險的「羊群效應」。

圖三:MSCI 日本指數價值股與成長股之股價淨值比差異

fig-3-japan-value-vs-growth

市場上同時出現極端溢價與超賣,代表市場仍未能區別疫情影響是短期還是週期性、永久還是結構性的。在這個情況下,往往創造出大量的投資機會。


日本企業健全的資產負債表帶來競爭優勢

相較於全球同業,某些日本企業擁有較佳的資產負債表,較能抵禦全球經濟疲弱帶來的衝擊,這也是其備受投資人青睞的原因。過去十年中,美國企業在低利率環境下提高槓桿,並通過股票回購增加股東回報;相比之下,日本企業採行相當保守的政策,例如:長期債務重組、資產負債表的去槓桿化等,使企業持有大量現金。目前,TOPIX東證指數(不含金融)估計約有52.6%的公司處於現金淨流入,而美國S&P500和MSCI Europe則分別為14.0%和16.5%。見圖四:

圖四:TOPIX東證指數成分公司淨現金部位較高

fig-4-topix-net-cash

日本股市評價相較於全球極具吸引力

總體而言,日本股市已反應了許多壞消息。在不確定的全球經濟環境中,更應重視長期的基本面評價。

圖五:日本現金每股盈餘相較於MSCI世界指數

fig-5-japan-price-to-cash

我們認為,當前環境中存在兩個主要風險,第一個風險是:安全性資產因為市場避險心態而時常溢價。為了避免購買到高估的資產,須將注意力集中在評價低估的股票上,這些股票通常被市場忽略。從歷史來看,在最極端的市場環境(如今日的疫情),我們的方法更能偵測出最關鍵的投資機會。

第二個主要風險是,近期的經濟衝擊導致收入的永久減少及流動性問題,轉變成償付能力問題。對此,我們則是透過股票評價及壓力測試來因應。

史無前例的財政與貨幣刺激支持經濟

近期全球的財政和貨幣刺激規模是前所未見的。參考圖六,歷史上前次達到類似程度的財政刺激是在第二次世界大戰之後。美國於今年3月底簽署2兆美元的紓困案前,全球財政刺激已達到1.5兆美元。日本4月宣布紓困案,包括財政支出以及貸款擔保,總計108.2兆日元,占GDP的19.6%。

圖六:全球史無前例的財政政策支持

fig-6-fiscal-support

除了財政措施外,日本央行3月也加大了對ETF和日本房地產投資信託(J-REITs)的購買。在4月,央行宣布將進行「無上限」的國債購買、增加對公司債的購入,從而增加貨幣刺激的力度。日本量化寬鬆(QE)通過非常規的措施來輔助財政刺激,反映出政策制定者了解到,財政刺激措施若沒有加上量化寬鬆政策,不足以影響經濟增長。

透過資產評價 掌握投資先機

新冠肺炎對全球社會經濟影響深廣。與其去猜測市場價格何時落底,不如將重點放在區別疫情影響何者是暫時、何者是永久性的。我們將持續監控資產評價公式,掌握投資的最佳時機。在股市持續動盪的今日,瀚亞投資始終關注永續性的收益,以識別近期嚴重的錯誤定價機會,這是我們與眾不同的投資優勢,追求為客戶帶來長遠的價值。

Sources:
1 21st April 2020.
2 Refinitiv Datastream. As of 21st April 2020.
3 JP Morgan Asia Credit Non-Investment Grade Index

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