全場焦點:台灣半導體產業蘊藏的機會

長期的政府政策引導,加上與民間企業家精神的結合,引領台灣在全球半導體代工產業中領先全球。而半導體產業中贏者全拿的生態,已促使台灣相關業者形成一個欣欣向榮的生態體系,進而提供主動投資人極具吸引力的投資機會。

過往的二十年裡,行動電話從僅有通話功能,擴展至今成為人人獲取重要資訊不可或缺的個人化平台;消費者對於安全、娛樂、和導航功能的需求不斷成長,亦推動了汽車零件和控制系統的跨世代轉型。這些轉變背後的關鍵推動因素,即是做為電子設備核心之半導體晶片或積體電路的持續演進。

台灣的半導體優勢已廣為世人所認同

半導體晶片依靠晶圓代工廠生產製造,其中台灣、韓國、和中國就主導全球超過九成以上的產能1。2020年全球半導體代工產業市場規模為420億美元,並將在2026年達620億美元2。台灣掌握超過八成的微型晶片及精密電路板市場,而為主要受惠市場。

台灣的全球半導體代工產業領先全球,歸功於長久以來政府的支持、政策的配合、以及創新的精神,使台灣累積的優勢難以輕易地被超越。1973年第一次石油危機爆發重創當地的台灣經濟,台灣政府為追求新的出路而自1974年開始發展半導體產業;1975年建立第一家3吋晶圓廠,1980年成立第一家半導體相關企業─聯華電子。1990年初期,台灣政府在半導體產業的研發費用中,為企業提供高達44%資金;1999年後,因企業開始願意為半導體產業投入大量研發費用,台灣政府的研發資金投入佔比降至6.5%3

今日,建造一座生產汽車晶片的晶圓廠約需投入30至40億美元資金4,同時,除了前期的鉅額資本投入,企業仍必須長期投入研發費用,以確保技術的領先地位。身為全球最大的半導體代工廠之一的台積電近期宣布,隨著新科技的不斷發展以及為了滿足未來三年內不斷提升的晶片需求,將投入1,000億美元資金擴大晶片產能。此外,台積電領先引入極紫外光製程(EUV),協助其以更低成本製造尺寸更小且效能更高的晶片。

半導體市場領導者不斷的引領創新,故即使市場新進者願意投入鉅資建造晶圓廠,落成時的設備亦將成為落後於市場的科技,這樣的風險也使得半導體市場的進入門檻極高。其次,由於前期投資成本極高,晶圓廠必須以接近最大產能的狀態運行才能夠維持強勁盈利,故市場新進者必須在投資前就確保未來自家晶片會有足夠的需求,才能夠盡快回收資金。最後,也是最困難的一點,市場新進者必須與產業鏈中諸多供應商共同合作才能完成生產;然而許多供應商早已與市場領導者建立穩定合作關係,故相對提升高科技產業鏈進入門檻。目前,全球前五大半導體設備製造商已佔半導體資本設備市場的70%5

除了昂貴的資本投入,半導體產業的人才放眼全球也相當供不應求。早年台灣半導體產業主要在國內大專院校及工業技術研究院的電子研究所中進行研發,而為半導體產業人才的培養奠定堅實基礎。歐美各國則因長久將製造業外包給亞洲半導體產業,加上歐美國內理工專業的學生較少、以及高門檻的技術移民,均使得當地的半導體產業人才短缺嚴重6

麥肯錫管理顧問公司報告(圖1)指出,半導體產業穩定的技術創新,為整體產業鏈創造「贏者全拿」的生態。報告觀察2015年到2019年中,從設備生產到晶圓製造商,前五大企業的平均年利潤總和,比其餘249間企業的平均年利潤總和還來得多許多7

圖1:半導體公司的平均年利潤,2015-19(單位:十億美元)
1-here-to-stay-implications-and-opportunities

來源:標普,麥肯錫的企業績效分析

結構性趨勢推動晶片需求

儘管當前半導體晶片短缺大多起因於非預期因素,如汽車晶片週期性需求急劇上升、及居家辦公電子產品的熱賣等,但仍有結構性導致晶圓需求增加的未來趨勢,包含5G行動網路、AI人工智慧(AI)、高級駕駛輔助系統(ADAS)、電動車(EV)、和物聯網(IoT)。

半導體晶片的銷售在2020至2023年間,預期以每年10.7%複合年均成長率增長,其幅度幾乎是2015至2020年間5.5%複合年均成長率的兩倍(圖2)。隨著5G手機銷售和大量5G基礎建設投資,半導體需求節節攀升,預估未來全球5G基礎建設投資額將達3500億美元,比4G基礎建設投資額高出30%8。此外,隨著高級駕駛輔助系統(ADAS)的發展,每輛車搭載的半導體價值將從170美元一口氣增加到1200美元9,電動車的普及讓2020至2025年間的車用半導體市場的預期複合年均成長率達20%10。最後,隨著5G行動網路、雲端平台、和虛擬實境 (VR) 興起,創造了更為深刻的遊戲體驗,為遊戲產業帶來榮景,因而大幅提升了對高性能晶片的需求。

圖2:全球半導體銷售額(單位:十億美元)
2-here-to-stay-implications-and-opportunities

來源:美國銀行全球研究,2021年4月。

半導體產業生態系統潛藏的機會

台灣在半導體代工產業的領先地位帶來正向循環,市場領導者享有可觀利潤,賺取穩定現金流,並且用以來支付進一步的研發費用。雄厚的資金和亮眼的財報,是產業低迷時持續投資的救命良藥。此外,半導體製造業的領先地位也成就了台灣其他的產業,包括晶圓封裝廠、基板供應廠、導線廠、和化學品生產廠。

由於先進節點晶片(用於智慧型手機、人工智慧、高性能計算等)的市場領導者已在未來三年內制定了積極的資本支出計劃,而成熟節點晶片(用於驅動 IC及電源管理 IC)的產能擴充預期將更加保守,我們預期當前成熟節點晶片將比先進節點晶片的短缺持續更長一段時間。透過瞭解這些市場資訊,有助於我們確定市場中潛在的贏家和輸家;評估半導體代工廠時,我們也將檢視產能利用率、客戶品質、折舊認列、營利能力及與競爭對手的技術差距作為評斷標準。

台灣不僅是領先全球的半導體代工廠、晶片封裝廠、和積體電路設計公司的所在地,當地半導體產業體系內的中小型企業也表現亮眼,為投資者提供具吸引力的投資機會。身為主動的基金管理者,我們得以享有相當大的彈性以投資那些尚未被納入指數或指數股票型基金的公司,或是經營穩健但受到較少關注的中小型企業隱形冠軍。未來,我們也將持續尋找產業鏈中具創新前導技術能力的企業,為投資者提供超額報酬。我們相信唯有通過動態分析、深入研究、和市場經驗,才能精準辨別新興科技的潛力,並實現投資的可觀報酬。

Sources:
1 A foundry fabricates semiconductor chips using the designs of other companies
2 Mordoe Intelligence. Semiconductor Foundry Market – Growth, Trends, COVID-19 impact and forecasts (2021 – 2026).
3 Securing the future. Regional and National programs to support the semiconductor industry. Charles W. Wessner.
4 https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2021-02-21/the-chip-crisis-a-new-fab-to-make-what-cars-need-will-cost-4-billion
5 BofA. Semiconductor Primer 2020: At crossroads of secular, geo-political, competitive forces. December 2020.
6 BofA. 2 June 2021. “Talent shortage amid tech competition”.
7 McKinsey and Company. Semiconductor design and manufacturing: Achieving leading-edge capabilities. August 2020.
8 JP Morgan. December 2020.
9 BofA Global Research. February 2021
10 BofA Global Research. Gartner. EV-Volumes. February 2021 
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