東南亞物流巨頭崛起 從印尼尋找投資新契機

新冠病毒疫情對全球經濟造成莫大危機,與此同時,卻為某些產業帶來難得一見的成長機遇。例如印尼,電子商務市場隨著疫情封鎖而快速增長,為物流業者創造巨大商機。然而,印尼也是全世界擁有最多島嶼的國家,破碎的地形使得物流業者面臨一系列的挑戰。

印尼為防疫而進行的大封鎖造成許多實體店面關閉。自2020年3月20日起,首都雅加達一直處於緊急狀態,公共交通運營時間縮短,學校、旅遊勝地和娛樂中心也陸續關閉。

印尼物流協會表示,由於全球供應鏈嚴重中斷、大範圍的停工影響家戶購買力、企業間(B2B)出貨量和非必需消費品的銷售也受到影響。電子商務(B2C,簡稱電商)市場反而受惠於疫情,根據物流運營商Paxel統計,冷凍食品和其他必需品的快遞運送量,較未封城停運前,大幅增長約70%1

根據麥肯錫調查,大約58%印尼受訪者表示,自新冠疫情爆發以來更常使用網購服務,約有18%是首次嘗試在網路上購買食品、烹飪調味品和其他居家必需品等等2

圖一:印尼未來消費購物管道大不同
fig-1-mckinsey-emerging-opportunities

透過電子支付的成長軌跡可見,網路購物蓬勃發展,早在新冠病毒爆發之前就很顯著了。根據印尼央行報告,2020年第一季電子支付金額規模年增率122.16%,達到46.09兆印尼盾(30.5億美元)(圖二)。

圖二:印尼電子支付規模快速增長
fig-2-emoney-transactions-opportunities

受惠二、三線城市成長所驅動,印尼有望成為東南亞最大的電子商務市場。根據Google、淡馬錫控股(Temasek)、貝恩管理顧問(Bain & Company)聯合公布的《e-Conomy SEA 2019》報告指出,2019年印尼電商占市場總值達210億美元,2025年預估將成長到820億美元3。屆時,印尼將占東南亞電商市場高達52%4

電商成敗的關鍵:物流

電子商務的成功與否,大部分取決於物流營運商將網購運送至全國終端客戶的能力。物流運營商的關鍵功能是優化產品獲取、倉儲、運輸和分配的過程,並追蹤線上訂單,確保運送商品的及時性。根據Frost and Sullivan顧問公司研究,印尼物流市場價值將從2015年的1,300億美元增加到2020年的2,750億美元5

高效率的物流不僅能降低營運費用、提高效率,對於縮短運送時間及提高利潤更是至關重要。2016年以來,隨著印尼全國公路和鐵路數量增長,讓物流業有顯著成長;法規對本土物流運營商轉為支持,線上零售企業建設更完善。然而,與澳洲、日本及新加坡等更先進的物流中心相比,印尼物流業目前仍處於起步階段(圖三)。

圖三:印尼物流業現狀與地區同業相比

fig-3-jll-research-emerging-opportunities

基礎建設的改革,也有利於物流市場發展。印尼物流成本從2015年占GDP的27%降低至2020年的22%。事實上,政府的目標是在2024年降至19%,以符合日本和新加坡標準(僅占GDP個位數百分比)。

 

其他挑戰

「當日快速出貨」已經成為物流產業的新標準,根據網路行銷顧問公司Econsultancy調查,30%千禧世代認為,電子商務公司應該要有能力在客戶下訂單前備貨、當日出貨6

根據里昂證券(CLSA)研究,為了當天交貨,印尼消費者願意額外支付最高100%溢價(當日交貨付4萬元印尼盾,其他時間交貨付2萬元印尼盾)。印尼快遞協會估計,至2023年,預估當天交貨的市場份額將從2018年的8%(30萬包裹/天)增長到30%(450萬包裹/天);就額外物流費用而言,當日送貨服務的總價值預計將從2018年的4.4兆印尼盾增加到2023年的65兆印尼盾,遠超過其他交貨服務的成長率7

運輸網絡不發達,儼然成為印尼物流業最大的挑戰。印尼全國共17,508個島嶼,地籍圖資系統欠佳,物流運營商面臨最大的挑戰是「最後一哩物流(last mile delivery)」。何謂最後一哩物流?就是將貨物從零售業者的倉庫送至最終目的地,消費者手中的過程,是電子商務供應鏈最接近顧客的一環。

儘管較大的貨運代理有集中式分類中心和完善的媒介網絡(6,000至7,000個快遞員),可以幫助物流運營商克服挑戰,並在鄉村或難以到達的地區完成配送,但這些解決方案需要大量勞工,且遺失的包裹和交貨延遲仍然是問題,其所產生的高昂物流成本,仍是企業和商人難以負擔的。

發展中的機會

印尼擁有2.68億人口,目前是東南亞最大的物流市場,但發展程度較該國的電子商務市場來得低。印尼年輕人口統計數據和難以到達的地區,使得許多本土運營商可以從這個新興行業獲利,目前有15家以上的私營物流運營商,從「最後一哩」的新創企業到現有企業,他們都在目前趨勢中擴張市占率。這些第三方物流平台包括:

  • 本土既有業者(JNE、Tiki、J&T Express、Lion Parcel、Paxel等)
  • 內部物流營運公司(Lazda Express、Red Carpet、Tokopedia等)
  • 專遞物流服務公司(Go-JEK、Grab、Lalamove等)

儘管印尼大多數的本土物流公司都是私人企業,但由於他們正在尋找資金以提高物流能力,更多的公司未來可望尋求上市機會,例如:實現某些流程自動化,以及在業務發展和採購方面獲得新的人才和交易活動。甚至內部物流營運商也希望擴大服務範圍,以服務第三方電子商務平台。

透過了解印尼物流市場的發展潛力和挑戰,除了幫助投資者評估該行業的機會,瀚亞投資更深入從中尋找這個新興市場中的投資新契機。

Sources:
1 Eastspring Investments, quoting Paxel from a conference call on 25 April 2020.
2 McKinsey & Company COVID-19 Indonesia Consumer Pulse Survey 10 – 12 April 2020. N = 722, sampled a weighed to match Indonesia’ general population of 20+ years.
3 Google, Temasek, Bain & Company: e-Conomy SEA 2019 Report. P. 21.
4 Google and Temasek, May 2016, e-conomy SEA: Unlocking the $200 billion Digital Opportunity in Southeast Asia, page 7.
5 CLSA Research: Indonesia logistics, citing Frost and Sullivan, 14 November 2019.
6 Econsultancy: Not offering same-day delivery? You could be losing customers, 14 December 2015.
7 CLSA Research, 19 November 2019.

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