2020年中投資展望:中國市場瞭望

中國是新冠病毒初始爆發的中心,也是第一個擺脫封鎖的經濟體。許多投資人對於中國是否復甦抱持懷疑,瀚亞投資(上海)股票投資總監齊皓(Michelle Qi)點出五大觀察點,提供中國A股投資人參考。

 

2020下半年中國市場五大觀察重點:


1. 儘管經濟成長明顯放緩,但中國經濟2020年將持續增長。
2. 中國經濟驅動力來自於國內消費升級、技術創新和老齡化等趨勢。
3. 下半年中國A股市場存在進一步上漲潛力。
4. 資產負債表的惡化並不會造成系統性金融風險。
5. 主要下行風險來自於外部需求疲軟和中美關係惡化的不確定性。


Q1. 您如何看待未來的6到12個月的中國經濟前景?

在防堵新冠肺炎疫情而全國大封鎖的背景下,中國2020年第一季GDP呈現負成長,這是40年來首見。然而,隨著疫情受到遏制及穩增長政策支持,今年3月以來大多數經濟活動逐漸復甦。我們預計中國經濟下半年將恢復正常,5月結束的全國人民代表大會(NPC)提出許多貨幣和財政刺激政策也將陸續實施。

中國兩會上調2020年預算赤字,占GDP的3.6%,高於2019年的2.8%。如果將1兆人民幣抗疫特別國債和3.75兆人民幣的地方政府專項債券納入計算,整體財政寬鬆規模高達GDP的10%以上。

中國兩會進一步要求「貨幣供給和社會融資規模增長」要明顯高於去年。我們預計今年內中國央行將進一步降息並調降存款準備金。貨幣政策推出加上企業復工擴大,都有助於維持經濟復甦,並減輕出口放緩對勞動市場的負面影響。預期中國GDP將可維持3%左右正成長,考慮消費支出仍需要時間恢復,通膨將會有一段時間維持在低檔。

Q2. 新冠肺炎疫情是否會改變中國長期經濟結構趨勢? 

新冠肺炎疫情對中國短期經濟情勢帶來巨大影響,但不會破壞中長期結構性趨勢,包括逐步提升的健康意識和醫療的負擔能力、人口老年化及技術創新。

過去十年中,公共醫療保險制度的建立一直是醫療保健支出成長,大幅提高了大眾健康意識和醫療負擔能力。疫情過後,我們預計政府將增加公共衛生基礎設施的開支,進一步推動國內生產以替代國外進口;此外,研發支出增加也是大勢所趨,順勢推動產業結構變化與升級。從長遠來看,中國老年人口及醫療保健支出日益重要,對醫療保健產業來說,是機遇也是挑戰。

疫情之前,中國國內消費占GDP比重超過 70%1,加上電商蓬勃發展,線上消費早就在中國一線城市相當普及(見圖一)。當地超市藉機大力發展送貨到府服務,疫情爆發更增加了線上超市的滲透度,特別是年齡較長的族群效果顯著,此一趨勢可望能延續到疫情後。

展望未來,我們預期中國電商市場將持續成長,舉例來說,零售商透過直播和大數據分析,有效地與消費者進行溝通,不僅一線城市,也發生在二、三線城市與較偏遠地區。隨著線下到線上活動(Offline to Online)的趨勢轉變,遊戲、影視串流內容和教育等其他線上服務將持續增長,活躍使用者增多、使用時間拉長。

圖一:中國線購消費者穩定成長

China Fig 1-online China

資料來源:Statista、data release,2020/4。

Q3. 經歷上半年市場動盪,投資人如何因應下半年投資挑戰? 

我們認為,2020下半年中國A股市場具有上漲空間。當前的市場估值接近歷史平均,已經反映財政和貨幣政策進一步寬鬆的預期。若經濟恢復狀況佳,公司盈利提升,將進一步提振股市上漲;另一方面,經濟下行風險主要來自於全球需求疲軟以及中美緊張局勢。考慮上述因素,瀚亞投資密切監控疫情對公司盈利的影響,並青睞具有以下特性的公司:

.對外貿易曝險較低,並且可受惠於國內寬鬆政策的股票,例如建築材料、消費和房地產公司。
.受益於新冠肺炎疫情的股票,例如部分醫藥企業。
.擁有完善的線上通路,能夠受惠於消費習慣變化的龍頭企業。
.受供應鏈斷鏈影響較小,且受益於全球景氣回升的公司。


圖二:中國A股各類股估本益比(P/E) 

China Fig 2 PE market_2
資料來源:FactSet、MSCI、Wind、UBS Quantitative Research. 統計期間自2006/1/1~2020/4/30。長形塊狀圖示分別標誌最大值、中值與最小值。紅色點位為最新數值。

我們同時密切注意國際動態,特別是今年1月美中簽署「第一階段貿易協議」的落實情況。為了換取美國降低對中國產品的關稅,中國同意增加對美國商品和服務的購買量,向美國企業開放中國的金融服務市場,並免除部分美國進口商品的額外關稅。後續焦點將集中在中美兩國將如何履行第一階段經貿協議。

Q4. 不良貸款增加是否會給中國帶來系統性風險嗎?

中國經濟增速放緩、失業率上升,家庭收入承壓,我們預期中國金融機構資產的品質將面臨一定的下行壓力,因為不良貸款(特別是在消費領域)可能會增加。但是,如果在金融系統內有足夠的準備金和資本緩衝,則可以大大降低風險。從圖三可見,中國金融機構的不良貸款撥備覆蓋率(NPL,貸款損失準備金除以不良貸款餘額所得出的比率)仍維持相當高的水準,銀行應能夠吸收潛在的損失風險。

進一步解釋,「撥備覆蓋率」高低反映金融機構應對呆壞帳風險的能力,一般金融機構的撥備覆蓋率基本都會超過100%。

圖三:中國不良貸款(NPL)比率及不良貸款覆蓋率

China Fig 3-NPL coverage

資料來源: Wind、Eastspring Investments,截至2020/3/31。

儘管中國人民銀行注入了充足的流動性、調降利率以支持經濟,過去幾年嚴格監控金融體系的財務槓桿,可以減輕系統性風險。

Q5. 未來一年中國經濟與金融市場的主要挑戰為何? 

首先,出口需求疲軟為中國經濟和就業帶來不小壓力。雖然中國4月份出口有所反彈,但背後的驅動力可能是:一、出口訂單延遲交付;二、全球對中國醫療品和消費者品需求增加。不過,從4、5月疲軟的PMI數值可見,外部需求前景仍舊低迷。

其次,過度激進的寬鬆政策將加劇金融槓桿,加劇房地產泡沫,並且對長期金融穩定構成風險。2008~2009年全球金融風暴時的教訓,期間中國的經濟刺激方案使債務占GDP比重從150%上升到2018年9月的253%,因此,今年中國採取政策放鬆更加謹慎。

另一個風險是,美中之間緊張局勢可能升級,並且超出國際貿易範圍。美國最近對華為施加了新的管制,限制其使用來自海外的以美國技術和軟體和軟件設計製造的半導體芯片,新規定更將影響向華為及相關公司供貨的外國生產商。目前結果仍不明朗,但中美關係的走向,對於投資人的影響將不容忽視。

最後,要提醒投資人注意的是,新冠肺炎病毒是否今年冬天捲土重來,將為未來的經濟增長帶來壓力。

Source:
1. McKinsey Global Institute: China and the world, July 2019. P. 48
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