透過靈活的債信分析 強化ESG風險評估

近年全球掀起ESG投資浪潮,ESG分別代表著:環境、社會、公司治理(environmental、social、governance),而投資人也明顯意識到,善用ESG風險分析,能有助於保障投資的長期價值。 只是,當投資經理人在評估ESG風險時,經常面對資訊披露不足、定義分歧、解讀紛紜,甚至過於主觀等各種問題,因此我們不能單靠外部ESG來評估一家企業;具有強大信貸研究能力的主動型固定收益經理人,應能更深入地了解發行商的ESG風險,進而為投資人帶來增值機會。

 

根據特許財務分析師協會的調查結果發現,投資人預期日後環境及社會因素將對信用利差和政府債券孳息帶來較大影響(見圖1)。

20200710-1

20200710-2

研究指出,ESG評級較高一般會使信用利差收窄,而ESG紀錄良好的發行商通常在資金流向優質債券期間受惠。美銀美林研究顯示,自2009年12月至2018年期間被調降評級的亞太區公司1當中,有73%的ESG評分低於中位數。然而,ESG評分較高與評級上調並無關連,這意味著分析ESG因素有助降低信用風險。

從圖2可見,著重ESG的投資策略能降低長期風險。摩根大通亞洲信貸ESG指數(尤其是摩根大通亞洲信貸ESG高收益指數)的波動度低於範圍較廣的一般債券指數,但報酬率相若。MSCI亦發現,ESG評級高或獲上調的公司普遍波動度較低2

ESG風險評估 — 不簡單的程序

ESG風險可能並不明顯,而且能醞釀一段長時間。MSCI研究顯示,由於公司治理因素與短期事件及事件風險最直接相關,因此在短期內(一年)對盈利能力、特殊風險及系統性風險的影響較大。另一方面,環境及社會因素在長期較為重要,ESG因素不但受到年期長短所影響,行業的差別亦需予以考慮。舉例來說,公司治理因素可能對金融業較為重要,而環境因素則對原物料及能源業較為關鍵3

因此,我們需要審慎地分析,發掘正經歷結構性轉變的公司,並評估其是否有能力和作好準備以適應相關轉變。對主動型操作的經理人而言,透過了解發行商的業務模式長遠是否可行,或有助迴避下行風險,長遠保障投資組合持倉的價值。

ESG風險評估不但涉及分析一系列數據,通常更需要評估大量「軟性」甚至主觀因素。ESG因素廣泛而多元化,幾乎不可能透過單一數據或評級反映其優劣。舉例來說,一座核電廠或水力發電堤壩對環境的影響應如何評估?這些灰色地帶促使我們研發創新程序,以評估相關風險,並貫徹地應用於投資框架。

即使是ESG評級供應商,亦對同一家公司給予不同的ESG評級,反映評估風險也不容易。從圖3可見,雖然ESG表現出色或差劣的公司顯而易見,但介乎兩者之間的公司的評級通常較為主觀。

20200710-03

評估ESG 沒有捷徑可行

如前文所述,我們認為ESG評估並無捷徑。亞洲的情況尤是如此,ESG標準不一,而且資訊披露不足(見圖4)。事實上,中國最近才把潔淨煤項目從綠色債券的融資對象清單中剔除,以使部份ESG指標符合全球標準。不同司法管轄區的披露制度並不一致,亦使跨國之間的比較變得困難。雖然多個地區的政府和機構致力推動企業增加ESG相關披露,但根據彭博通訊社的ESG披露評分指數(就企業披露資訊的實用性進行評級),17個國家或地區4的公司中位數評分低於50%。

我們深信,主動型固定收益經理人透過對企業進行深入研究,了解各項ESG問題,可為投資帶來顯著增值。

20200710-4

瀚亞投資並不單靠外部評級和評估,更會善用旗下龐大信貸研究團隊的實力。團隊成員經驗豐富,對發行商有深入了解,能為決策提供更多支持依據。長久以來,公司治理一直是評估發行商風險的重要因素,我們已正式把這因素納入專有的ESG評估框架。

我們亦不會自動剔除具爭議性行業的發行商。事實上,我們多會評估這些公司所採取的措施是否相關,以及過程中會否會為該行業帶來正面效益。舉例說,個別煤電營運商正逐步轉用可再生能源。我們注意到這些正面舉措,因此投資組合可能繼續持有這些發行商。瀚亞投資深信,與所投資之公司積極互動協作,能大大提升ESG實務措施及管理。 

不斷蛻變 ESG優化投資收益

在ESG披露素質提高及業界就ESG的定義達成更大共識(亦即共同的分類方式)之前,要實現全面的ESG風險評估仍然困難。在眾多國際、地區和國家措施的推動下,企業已經在上述層面有所提升,而具有強大信貸研究能力的主動型固定收益經理人更能深入地了解ESG風險,從而為投資人帶來增值。

隨著市場演變,瀚亞投資持續運用嶄新知識優化ESG框架,並致力把ESG框架融入旗下所有固定收益投資策略,為投資者締造可持續的長期表現。

 

1聯合國、世界銀行人口資料庫。
2聯合國。
3美國銀行全球研究。
4中國觀點、中國供應鏈、國際金融協會,2019年10月。
5WIOD,UNCTAD,IIF。顏色越深,相應國家或地區內相關產業的本地生產強度就越高。
6哈佛、國際金融協會。包括2019年1月至8月的資料。
7https://www.penangcatcentre.my/lam-research-to-invest-rm1bil-on-plant-expansion-in-penang/
8https://themalaysianreserve.com/2020/04/08/british-companies-eye-regional-hub-in-malaysia/
9《2019年全球競爭力報告》,世界經濟論壇。
102019年工業機器人市場。Interact分析。
11《亞洲——未來已至》。麥肯錫全球研究院。2019年。

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