行善也能創造回報

環境、社會及企業治理﹙「ESG」﹚與符合伊斯蘭教法的投資通常被視為截然不同的投資方針。事實上,兩者的原則相近,均提倡盡責管理、社會責任及價值創造。透過採用ESG篩選過程,配合伊斯蘭教法元素,投資人長線將可獲得可觀的持續回報。

伊斯蘭教法投資旨在透過妥善管理社會及環境,提倡負責任的行為。伊斯蘭教法﹙Shariah或Sharia﹚是伊斯蘭教的宗教法律。伊斯蘭教法投資的關鍵原則如下︰a)禁止配息工具、證券借貸及放空;b)使用負面篩選來排除高槓桿公司,以及排除在伊斯蘭教法規則的定義下被禁止的貨品及服務﹙例如涉及煙草、酒精、武器及非清真產品的行業﹚。

ESG投資亦旨在透過納入環境、社會及企業治理因素來提倡負責任行為,實現可持續成果。ESG方針關注較複雜的議題來減低風險及提高長線回報,而篩選是最廣泛使用的工具之一1。舉例而言,投資人可使用篩選的方法,將溫室氣體排放量最高的公司排除在投資組合以外﹙負面篩選﹚,或僅以排放量最低的公司作為投資目標﹙正面篩選﹚。

篩選的過程可追溯至基於信念的投資方針。假如公司涉及不符合既定信念或價值的活動,投資人將避免進行投資或將相關持倉賣出。

圖1︰ESG及伊斯蘭教法投資的比較
ESG_Shariah_Comparison

資料來源︰《聯合國負責任投資原則》、特許財務分析師協會,2019年。https://www.unpri.org/download?ac=9578 *里巴為伊斯蘭銀行的概念,指所收取的利息。里巴亦指放高利貸或收取不合理地高的利息。

馬來西亞的ESG投資不斷發展

投資於側重ESG因素的基金需求在2020年快速增加,根據追蹤行業動向的晨星﹙Morningstar﹚,相關基金的資產管理規模在2020年第四季上升29%至接近1.7兆美元。流入可持續發展基金的資金亦在第四季創出新高,上升88%至1523億美元,其中,在歐洲註冊的基金佔近80%總流入資金。

馬來西亞目前共有22隻ESG基金,其中有12隻伊斯蘭基金側重於ESG因素。2截至2020年12月,伊斯蘭ESG基金的規模約為21億令吉,佔馬來西亞伊斯蘭教法資產管理規模的1%,後者的總額為2168億令吉。3展望未來,預計零售及機構投資者對於伊斯蘭ESG基金的需求均會上升。馬來西亞僱員公積金﹙Employee Provident Fund﹚等機構投資人已宣佈其對於ESG最佳實踐作出的承諾。該退休基金在2019年成為《聯合國負責任投資原則》的簽約方。4

圖2︰馬來西亞的ESG基金

Malaysia_ESG_funds

投資人應否採納伊斯蘭教法或ESG觀點?

一個涵蓋6,500間公開上市公司的ESG及伊斯蘭教法投資研究顯示,符合伊斯蘭教法與較高的ESG評分具有直接相關性。符合伊斯蘭教法的公司ESG評分平均較被伊斯蘭教法篩選過程排除的公司高出6%。非金融公司的差距更擴大至10%。5然而,投資人經常面對的問題是ESG或伊斯蘭教法投資方針會否影響投資成果,因為兩者的投資範圍較小,或使投資人風險增加,回報減少。

圖3︰符合伊斯蘭教法的公司之ESG評分較高
ESGRating

此外,馬來西亞首個ESG指數FTSE4Good馬來西亞交易所指數的表現領先於富時馬來西亞交易所EMAS指數及富時馬來西亞交易所KLCI指數,但落後於富時馬來西亞交易所EMAS伊斯蘭教法指數。見圖5。這表示ESG篩選過程結合伊斯蘭教法元素能提供吸引的長期可持續回報。

另一個研究採用ESG及伊斯蘭教法原則對全球2,500隻股票進行篩選,並基於此投資範圍構建投資組合。研究結果顯示,採用ESG篩選過程後,符合ESG原則的投資範圍縮小至850隻股票,其中50至70隻股票獲挑選至ESG投資組合之中。同時,研究人員從範圍較小的350隻股票中篩選出30至50隻股票納入經伊斯蘭教法以及ESG原則篩選的投資組合之中。研究結果顯示,兩個投資組合的5年期表現大致相關。6

此外,ESG伊斯蘭教法指數的表現領先於傳統ESG指數,因為前者的公司之財務管理較佳,並具有槓桿較低的特性。見圖4。自2020年3月起的疫後股市復甦印證了這點。在這段期間,符合伊斯蘭教法的股票指數﹙標普全球1200 ESG伊斯蘭教法指數﹚在市場波動下的跌幅與傳統股票指數﹙標普全球1200 ESG指數﹚一致,但ESG伊斯蘭教法指數的復甦幅度卻更為理想。

圖4︰ESG伊斯蘭教法指數的復甦較ESG指數理想
 ESGIndex

此外,馬來西亞首個ESG指數FTSE4Good馬來西亞交易所指數的表現領先於富時馬來西亞交易所EMAS指數及富時馬來西亞交易所KLCI指數,但落後於富時馬來西亞交易所EMAS伊斯蘭教法指數。見圖5。這表示ESG篩選過程結合伊斯蘭教法元素能提供吸引的長期可持續回報。

圖5︰伊斯蘭教法及ESG指數表現領先於廣泛指數
ESGIndexComparison 

綜合方針帶來更多好處

馬來西亞政府在1996年設立伊斯蘭教法諮詢委員會﹙SAC﹚,作為其發展當地伊斯蘭銀行及金融業整體計劃的一環。伊斯蘭教法諮詢委員會的主要工作是就所有與伊斯蘭資本市場相關的事宜向證監會提供建議,並在伊斯蘭教法的相關議題上擔任參考機構。

鑑於伊斯蘭及ESG政策的重要性與日俱增,預計監管機構及投資專業人員之間將有更多的合作及培訓活動,使投資者、基金經理及公司可在整合ESG議題上提出更多政策及措施,例如增加透明度及披露更多資訊。假如公司具有更大財政誘因改善做法及採用可持續標準,並將伊斯蘭原則整合至ESG政策之中,那麼有關準則將獲更多公司採納。

伊斯蘭教法投資及ESG投資均越來越受市場歡迎。穆斯林及非穆斯林投資人皆日益重視氣候變化對其投資組合的影響,並對投資組合作出相應配置。伊斯蘭原則結合ESG投資能在不同期間帶來具競爭力的回報,值得投資人加以考慮。這亦印證了公司能兼顧道德及業績的信念。

Sources:
1 https://www.unpri.org/an-introduction-to-responsible-investment/an-introduction-to-responsible-investment-screening/5834.article
2 ESG Fund Landscape in Malaysia, data collected from Lipper 29 March 2021
3 https://www.sc.com.my/api/documentms/download.ashx?id=edb8a38a-0a75-4c74-89c8-37768611f2c1
4 https://www.kwsp.gov.my/-/epf-adopts-un-supported-principles-for-responsible-investment
5 Refinitiv and RFI Foundation, “Islamic Finance ESG Outlook 2019: Shared Values.” http://www.refinitiv.com/content/dam/marketing/en_us/ documents/reports/islamic-finance-esg-outlook-2019-report.pdf
6 Thomson Reuters RFI Responsible Finance Report 2016, The Emerging Convergence of SRI, ESG and Islamic Finance. https://ceif.iba.edu.pk/pdf/ThomsonReuters-ResponsibleFinanceReport2015TheEmergingConvergenceofSRIESGandIslamicFinance.pdf
7 https://research.ftserussell.com/Analytics/FactSheets/temp/2e261d2f-f66e-48fe-bab3-2e05bd64cdfe.pdf
Source: Bloomberg, FTSE4Good Bursa Malaysia Index (ESG Index), FTSE Bursa Malaysia EMAS Shariah Index (EMAS Shariah index), FTSE Bursa Malaysia Kuala Lumpur Composite Index (KLCI Index), FTSE Bursa Malaysia EMAS Index (EMAS Index) for the period 30 Jun 2016 – 25 Jun 2021
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