解讀中國創業板最新改革

中國A股第二季展開新一波牛市,其中中國政府對資本市場發動助攻,展開一系列改革,包括6月中啟動創業板改革,活絡了中國股市的質與量。究竟創業板做了那些新改革?對於投資人又有何影響與意義?

中國改革創業板目的在於增加市場流動性,以及建立更透明的交易制度。瀚亞投資認為投資人不應受股票上市地所侷限,而是要根據個股的基本面來操作。

深圳證券交易所(深交所)已正式著手改革旗下創業板,以加快創業板新股上市程序。根據試點註冊制等改革內容,申請上市的企業不再需要經過中國證券監督管理委員會(中證監)的審批。此舉大為縮短上市輪候時間,把過去歷時數月甚至數年的等待期大幅縮減至20個營業日內。

此外,創業板上市股票目前容許在單一交易日內漲跌幅20%,但不包括掛牌上市當日起首五個交易日。這個幅度相較之前單日股價漲跌10%的限制擴大一倍。

深圳創業板於2009年10月首次亮相,當時有28檔成份股,為盈利和市值低於主板要求的新經濟企業提供另一條上市途徑。時至今日,創業板共有814檔上市股票,總市值共5.5兆元人民幣,平均每日成交額達93.5億元人民幣。主板深交所規模仍舊比創業板大,目前共有2,271檔成份股,總市值共27.23兆元人民幣,平均每日成交額達318.7億元人民幣1

中國近期連番推出改革,簡化新股上市申請程序,目的在增加市場流動性,有助於經濟下行時引導資金流入急需集資的新經濟範疇。擴充交易區間亦可令操控股價的成本增加,可望為市場帶來更符合規範和透明的交易制度。

從歷史表現可見,創業板成份股表現較整體中國A股市場波動大,但幅度仍不及上海仿效美國Nasdaq指數設立的科創板(見圖1)。

圖1:中國A股市場上市的股價波動度
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2019年7月,中國首次引入科創板公開招股註冊制。2020年4月,中證監宣布創業板將實施與科創板相同的註冊制,修訂每日股價波幅限制和引入首次公開招股註冊制令創業板與科創板更趨一致,但兩者仍有若干差異。

首先,上海科創板旨在吸引高端設備、生物科技與健康護理、資訊科技、新原物料、可再生能源、節能及環保行業等「硬」科技公司,並為這些公司提供融資管道。

另一方面,創業板有別於科創板,並未列明偏好特定行業。創業板為採取傳統或嶄新業務模式的新進企業提供上市管道,而且著重新經濟範疇。另一個主要分別是科創板容許未有盈利的公司發行股份和上市,但創業板上市的公司則須具備盈利能力;如今,尚未盈利的企業獲准在改革實施一年後申請於創業板上市。

這些差別也反映於投資人門檻的水準上:科創板要求投資人需擁有至少50萬元人民幣資產,而創業板的新開戶投資人資產門檻則定為10萬元人民幣。

我們認為,由於創業板交易區間擴大,短期內市場波動可能會加劇。但長遠來說,隨著當局推出更多資本市場改革,將有更多機構投資者參與創業板,屆時市場波動將會減少。然而,有意投資於創業板股票的投資人應保持審慎,持續聚焦於基本面,避免受情緒左右決定。

概括來說,我們的投資不受股票上市地的侷限,傾向評估股票增長展望及行業前景的吸引力,並關注其可能為整體投資組合帶來的潛在風險。

 

1聯合國、世界銀行人口資料庫。
2聯合國。
3美國銀行全球研究。
4中國觀點、中國供應鏈、國際金融協會,2019年10月。
5WIOD,UNCTAD,IIF。顏色越深,相應國家或地區內相關產業的本地生產強度就越高。
6哈佛、國際金融協會。包括2019年1月至8月的資料。
7https://www.penangcatcentre.my/lam-research-to-invest-rm1bil-on-plant-expansion-in-penang/
8https://themalaysianreserve.com/2020/04/08/british-companies-eye-regional-hub-in-malaysia/
9《2019年全球競爭力報告》,世界經濟論壇。
102019年工業機器人市場。Interact分析。
11《亞洲——未來已至》。麥肯錫全球研究院。2019年。

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