更穩定的中國經濟,才能贏回投資人信心

中國的投資前景轉趨明朗,以及穩定的經濟成長,是投資人再次投入中國A股市場的兩大要素。我們預期中國政府將推出更多利多經濟成長的政策,而且我們也認為,相較於貨幣政策,財政政策的落實將對中國短期的經濟穩定更為關鍵。

在中國國內外雙重憂慮的影響下,投資人避險情緒加劇,中國A股市場承壓。滬深300指數的12個月長期市占率為10倍,接近其長期歷史區間低位。儘管中國市場的評價水準具吸引力,但要實現真正的V型反彈,還需仰賴穩定性更高的經濟成長。

經濟成長急速放緩,中國政府政策有待加強

2022年第一季的中國經濟成長率(GDP)為4.8%,大致符合市場預期。然而,近期中國多個城市因新冠疫情復燃重新實施封鎖,供應鏈斷鏈、失業率上升及房地產表現不振導致了經濟復甦顯著放緩,因此未來數個月,我們仍然需要持續留意中國的經濟數據,才能更精準地掌握中國的經濟復甦進展。

房地產方面,3月份中國前百大房地產企業的銷售總額為3,796億人民幣,較去年同期減少54.5%; 總銷售面積為3,576萬平方公尺,年減57.1%,由此可見,目前中國的經濟復甦停滯。造成房地產業表現不振的原因其一為Omicron變種病毒疫情加劇,導致水泥和鋼鐵等需求減弱、國內消費力受到拖累,中國1月份和2月份的零售銷售年增6.7%,但在3月份年減3.5%;其次則是全球的能源及金屬等大宗商品受到俄烏戰爭影響價格居高不下,讓通膨風險不斷上升。

市場將持續關注中國政府是否會調降2022年的經濟成長目標,包含中國政府打算如何在短期內穩定經濟成長及實施長期的結構性改革。我們認為,在目前經濟急速放緩的情況下,中國政府會專注於穩定中國短期的經濟成長。

財政政策比貨幣政策更加有效

雖然中國人民銀行已在今年4月15日將銀行存款準備金比率(RRR)下調25個基點,希望藉此為金融體系帶來更多流動性,但寬鬆的貨幣政策對中國經濟是否有效仍待觀察。從仍在惡化的經濟數據可見,中國政府先前的降準及降息政策,其實未能有效推動實體經濟。

中國央行近期公佈了23項政策,鼓勵金融機構支持地方政府的基礎建設和房地產業,並為因疫情受到影響的產業提供金融服務。我們認為中國政府以寬鬆的財政政策,直接透過財政補貼來刺激消費及增加市場信心,在現階段可能更加有效。

目前,中國政府已經提出了多項利多經濟成長的政策。房地產方面,得益於優惠和寬鬆的抵押貸款利率、頭期款、購房及轉售限制,都市的住房政策更加友善。同時,中國財政部預計從4月開始向企業退還1.5兆人民幣的稅收,並加快特定債券的發行及資金部署。中國政府推動基礎建設的效果也正在實現,根據統計,3月份的基礎建設年增8.5%,高於1月份和2月份的年增8.1%。此外,多個城市推出的退稅、降價、免租等優惠政策,有望為上海及深圳的企業分別減少1,400億元人民幣及750億元人民幣的負擔1。話雖如此,現有的經濟刺激措施仍然不足以完全抵消承壓的中國經濟,我們認為中國的成長動能會更進一步減弱,並於今年第二季觸底。其中最大的風險與不確定性是Omicron變種病毒疫情擴大導致的擴大封鎖。

仍然看好中國的投資機會

我們認為當疫情趨緩且經濟成長因寬鬆的貨幣及財政政策而穩定時,投資人將願意承擔風險重返中國市場。

這其中的關鍵在於中國政府的經濟政策保持相對穩定、長遠及可預見,因為只有在明確的政策目標、有效率地施政與及時回應市場擔憂的前提下,投資人的信心才能被提振。

隨着中國的經濟向新興成長模式轉型,我們仍然看好其中長期的發展。我們相信,穩定及長久的支持性政策能造就具備國際競爭力的企業,為長期投資的投資人提供吸引的投資機會。

最後,我們也持續看好中國精密製造業和新經濟產業的發展。中國政府大力推動以國產替代品自給自足,有利於中國發展市場門檻高的精密製造業;中國國內需求的不斷成長,也使得新興能源、消費品、醫療服務等產業受惠。

1. 花旗投資研究。市場對經濟成長的看法或許過分悲觀。2022年4月18日。
 
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