印度能否逆轉新冠肺炎下的經濟危機?

過去十年迄今,印度一直面臨經濟增長的挑戰。憑藉著知識和創新方面領導地位,及受過教育的年輕人口迅速增長等優勢,印度有潛力轉型為知識型經濟。

今年全球各地紛傳經濟利空消息,印度經濟體尤其受到重大衝擊。不過,印度並非一蹶不振,當全球經濟將在2021年回升,估計印度經濟亦將強勁反彈。

投資人經常低估印度的長期增長潛力。值得注意的是,以美元計價的MSCI中國指數過去十年表現優於MSCI印度指數,但拉長到過去二十年,印度指數的表現卻勝於中國指數(圖1和圖2)。

《世界經濟論壇》認為,印度是一個不斷增長的消費市場,沒有多少跨國公司能夠抗拒。預計到2030年,印度消費總額將增至6兆美元1,當地網上服務大幅增長,加上強大和精通科技的勞動力,均有利未來經濟增長。

儘管面對挑戰,但轉捩點可能即將出現,印度正轉型為知識型經濟,有助其恢復強勁增長。

先談壞消息

印度今年受到雙重打擊,一來是經濟受到為期14週的防疫封鎖措施導致的負面影響,再來是疫情未能有效被遏止。截至9月,已有超過500萬人感染病例,數目僅次於美國2

根據亞洲開發銀行(簡稱亞行)資料顯示,印度第二季國內生產總額下跌23%,預計全年收縮9%,表現遜於亞洲區域其他大國 3。事實上,疫情爆發前的印度經濟增長率,已比數年前明顯放緩。

圖1:過去20年MSCI中國指數與MSCI印度指數表現(2000/9~2020/9)
圖1:過去20年MSCI中國指數與MSCI印度指數表現(2000/9~2020/9)

圖2:過去10年MSCI中國指數與MSCI印度指數表現(2010/9~2020/9)
圖2:過去10年MSCI中國指數與MSCI印度指數表現(2010/9~2020/9)

印度小型企業生存受到嚴重影響,而這些企業正是印度最大就業來源,亦是帶動經濟增長的主要動力。小型企業增長呆滯亦會對消費造成影響,國際勞工組織認為疫情可能使多達4億印度人口進一步陷入貧窮4

未來發展與轉捩點

好消息是,疫情不會無止境持續。亞行也預測,印度今年經濟增長雖然下滑9%,但2021年可望正成長8%,目前有初步回升的跡象,例如8月份製造業採購經理指數為52,反映出經濟活動自4月以來首次擴張。印度最大汽車製造商Maruti Suzuki在2020年8月的汽車銷量較去年同月增加21.7%5

不過,即使經濟在疫情後反彈,但印度仍需要解決許多長期結構性問題,尤其金融業需要改革。信用評級機構標準普爾表示,印度銀行業復原需要時間,而且印度資產品質早在疫情爆發前就出現嚴重問題,即使當時其他地區的資產品質正在改善6;反觀許多表現遜色的小型銀行,已被競爭力較強的對手併吞,銀行業務的滲透率如今幾乎遍及全國。

不過,銀行業(利率相對偏高)已對企業債務和投資不足造成影響。麥肯錫調查發現,印度43%的長期債務是由盈利大部份用作償債的公司所持有,同時中小型企業競爭激烈,因此許多公司並無太多資金用作再投資7

短期而言,許多企業應會致力控制成本。它們會透過新數位技術提升效率,也可能會裁員或重組債務,而非借入新貸款以進行宏圖大計。不過,一些精明投資人也很可能從中獲益,在急需注資或價值崩跌的企業中找到投資機會8

印度面對大量外國直接投資的資金流入,美國、日本和其他國家的投資人非常熱衷於把製造鏈遷往印度。如果印度政府能迅速和果斷地行動,可能成為重要的轉捩點,也就是說,印度可透過外國投資推動的資本開支週期以振興經濟。

基本面改善

長遠來說,網路服務增長或許會對印度未來的經濟發展帶來重大影響。全球逾半數人口經常使用網路,當中約12%來自印度,比例僅次於中國,主要受Reliance Jio進軍該市場所推動,這是一家低成本營運商,目前擁有超過3億個訂戶,其免費語音通話及廉價的數據服務,有助推動數據使用量在一年內增長一倍。自2016年進入市場後,Reliance Jio讓印度人享有全球最便宜的數據體驗,數位科技產生龐大價值,疫情更加快了相關應用。

印度消費者熱衷於快遞服務、居家娛樂,以及在教育、食品、主要用品、購物、通訊、醫療及健康方面應用數位科技。摩根士丹利研究報告表示,2020年將有利於數位服務發展,尤其是零售業競爭更加劇9

此外,印度網路購物總人數占當地網民約30%,美國和中國則超過70%。摩根士丹利預估至2027年,印度將擁有9.14億個用戶,網路購物人數將達到5.9億。因此,我們看好印度電子商務快遞平台,以及透過訂戶模式為家庭提供娛樂和其他服務的公司前景。

新創公司的天堂

印度數位發展一日千里,為蓬勃發展的新創公司生態圈奠定基礎。根據亞洲銀行資料顯示,印度擁有約26,000家新創公司,是全球第三大的新創公司生態圈10。雖然印度政府高調以「印度製造Made in India」運動大力推動製造業發展,但當地的知識型經濟及科技服務才是真正傑出的領域。印度上市公司當中,我們長遠仍對軟體和服務業感到樂觀。

新創公司資金鏈今年遭受重大打擊,據估計,資金較去年驟減29%11。但長遠來看,消費力增強、網絡連繫改善、進入新消費市場,以及社交媒體普及,均促進不少公司的發展;人力資本及資訊與通訊科技服務的優勢亦會加強。事實上,自2016年至2019年底,印度總資金流入超過360億美元,26家「獨角獸」新創企業估值逾10億美元12

圖3:VC創投*對印度新創公司的投資(2015年至2019年)
圖3:VC創投*對印度新創公司的投資(2015年至2019年)

對長線投資者來說,印度市場仍具吸引力。截至2020年3月年度期間,約有500億美元的外國直接投資流入印度,過去六星期印度更公布多項重大外國直接投資項目13。印度將需要制訂政策,以穩步實現最佳前景,麥肯錫認為,政策失當可能會對當地表現最佳的公司造成高達50%的負面影響14(圖4)。

審慎樂觀

這次疫情儼然是世代罕見的挑戰。印度必須採取果斷行動,才能重拾高成長的趨勢。至2030年,印度經濟每年需要增長8%~8.5%,才能為9千多萬人民尋找非農業就業機會。

不過,印度擁有若干優勢:當地的人口年輕和教育程度日益提高、民主制度運作順暢、尊重知識產權,貨幣匯率穩定。印度在知識和創新方面具有領先地位,從科技業及醫藥業的成績中可見一斑。印度長期增長潛力依然龐大,儘管未來可能充滿挑戰,但依舊是機遇處處的投資寶地。

圖4:數位科技2025年為印度創造巨大經濟價值
圖4:數位科技2025年為印度創造巨大經濟價值

Sources:
1http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Consumption_Fast-Growth_Consumers_markets_India_report_2019.pdf#page=[6]
2https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/region/india
3https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/635666/ado2020-update.pdf#page=[23]
4https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@dgreports/@dcomm/documents/briefingnote/wcms_740877.pdf#page=[6]
5https://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/current-state-of-indian-economy-the-good-the-bad-and-the-ugly/story-AmL0tZkWDGkJ5H1EA5GJ4N.html
6https://www.spglobal.com/ratings/en/research/articles/200923-global-banking-recovery-will-stretch-to-2023-and-beyond-11661040 7https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Featured%20Insights/India/Five%20priorities%20for%20corporate%20India%20in%20the%20next%20normal%20after%20COVID%2019/Five-priorities-for-corporate-India-in-the-next-normal-after-COVID-19.pdf
8https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/M%20and%20A/Our%20insights/Indias%20post%20COVID%2019%20economic%20recovery%20The%20M%20and%20A%20imperative/Indias-post-COVID-19-economic-recovery-The-M-and-A-imperative-vF.pdf
9https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/covid-19-to-accelerate-digital-adoption-in-india-jio-helped-spur-internet-usage-morgan-stanley/articleshow/76031939.cms?utm_source=contentofinterest&utm_medium=text&utm_campaign=cppst
10https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/612516/adbi-wp1145.pdf
11https://www.livemint.com/companies/start-ups/startup-funding-down-29-in-first-half-of-2020-tracxn-11594216461904.html
12https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/612516/adbi-wp1145.pdf
13https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/india/five-priorities-for-corporate-india-in-the-next-normal-after-covid-19
14https://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/Business%20Functions/McKinsey%20Digital/Our%20Insights/Digital%20India%20Technology%20to%20transform%20a%20connected%20nation/MGI-Digital-India-Report-April-2019.pdf  

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