亞洲高收益債券的未來趨勢

隨著投資人重新評估對中國房地產業及亞洲高收益債券市場的預期風險,我們認為眼光獨到的投資人迎來了投資機會。我們在短期內將繼續審慎地挑選債券;中國房地產業去槓桿的積極度,也正為改善長期基本面鋪路。

近來,房地產開發商恆大的利息及債券票息的支付能力出現不確定性,負面市場情緒蔓延整個亞洲債券市場,亞洲高收益債券的表現因而受到劇烈影響。

由於中國市場佔亞洲高收益債券的投資比重超過50%,且房地產業在中國股市中具有一定份量,亞洲高收益債券因房地產業不確定性而重創,並不令人意外。短期來說,恆大事件將持續拖累房地產業的市場氛圍。

亞洲高收益債券市場的波動向來較顯著,不過長期而言,該市場也一直為投資人帶來正報酬(見圖1)。話雖如此,恆大事件仍為投資人帶來較深遠的影響及反思。

圖1. 在顯著的波動下獲得長期正報酬
1-asian-high-yields-where-do-we-go-from-here

重新評估風險預期

投資人將重新評估中國高收益房地產債券的風險預期,這除了會使債券的收益率上升及利差擴大,發行B級債券(流動性較差)的公司,資金取得上也會愈來愈困難,因為中國政府非常有可能會持續掌控房地產業的槓桿政策。

最近這幾個月,中國政府對首次購屋的抵押核准和貸款利率施加規範,目的除了壓抑大城市的租金成長,也希望藉此降低房地產開發商的土地取得溢價成本。2021年上半年度,中國政府又施加了更嚴格的抵押政策,導致房地產開發商現金回收的速度減慢;房價限制和土地成本增加,也讓息稅折舊攤銷前盈餘(EBITDA)和利潤率呈下滑趨勢。同時,雖然部分房地產開發商在今年6月前遵循中國政府的「三道紅線」政策,但投資人仍需要確保未來在改善債務比率下,商業承兌匯票及少數人權益不會因此增加和犧牲。

重新評估中國房地產業的風險預期,將使投資人及房地產開發商更有紀律。投資人需要提高洞察,房地產業過去仰賴的「高成長、高槓桿」模式,將逐漸成為過去;房地產開發商也需要符合中國政府提出的目標——降低槓桿、提高人民的住宅負擔能力、以及將資源轉向具策略重要性的先進製造業、科技業及可再生能源業。

穩健的房地產業人人樂見

雖然中國房地產業過往受到多次政策的影響而波動,但房地產業依然在中國的經濟成長中扮演重要角色。2020年,房地產業佔中國固定資產投資27.3%,同時也是許多中國地方政府的重要收入來源。因此,中國政府理所當然不樂見房地產業出現系統性的大量違約,並期待房地產業能穩健發展。

中國的房地產業在2021年上半年有營收正成長,2021年前八個月的合約銷售表現相當理想。令人鼓舞的是,房地產的庫存水準更加理性;多家房地產開發商已經在今年度上半年減緩收購土地儲備,這有助於在流動性不足的情況下保留現金。雖然債務對EBITDA的比率在今年上半年因利潤率降低而稍有惡化,但淨負債權益比及資產負債率大致穩定,略低於2020年底水平。

長期而言,中國不斷擴張的中產階級、都市化及巨型都市的發展,將持續有利房地產業成長。中國房地產業的去槓桿,會讓市場更加紀律,並改善整體產業的信貸情形。

眼光獨到投資人的專屬機遇

儘管投資人預期亞洲高收益債券市場的違約率將持續上升,我們卻也認為眼光獨到的投資人迎來了投資機遇。中國高收益債券市場中,市值1美元,但價格低於50美分的債券百分比在最近幾個月快速增加。(見圖2)

圖2. 投資人已將高違約率納入考量
2-asian-high-yields-where-do-we-go-from-here

短期內,我們將繼續在部署投資組合時,審慎地挑選債券。我們也留意到,中國房地產業比起過往更積極於去槓桿。隨著房地產業的基本面逐漸改善,我們相信有耐心、積極、且對信貸有所研究的投資人將從風險中獲得相對應回報。

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