低波動股票是否仍具防禦能力?

爆發新冠肺炎疫情之後,投資者迴避傳統的低波動股票,改為看好與「居家抗疫」主題有關的股票。這個情況意味著我們在建立低波動投資組合時需要考慮其他因素,以及確立能適應市場格局變化的投資流程,為投資者帶來優勢。

年初至今,MSCI綜合世界最低波動率指數下跌7.3%1,遜於跌1.4%的MSCI綜合世界指數(見圖1)。這些遜色的表現似乎與低波動策略的宗旨背道而馳;這類策略旨在於市場波幅加劇時保障投資組合的表現。然而,只要仔細觀察便會發現截然不同的情況。

在今年1月17日至3月25日期間,當疫情首次衝擊全球市場時,MSCI 綜合世界指數的修正幅度達26.2%,而MSCI綜合世界最低波動率指數則跌21.7%。這就是我們預期的低波動策略的表現。

最低波動率指數年初至今的表現疲弱,主要由於大市在3月份觸底後顯著反彈。自3月25日起,MSCI 綜合世界指數已上升30.4%2,這主要受惠於全球政策官員迅速推出前所未見的大型貨幣及財政支援措施。與此同時,MSCI綜合世界最低波動率指數上升15.9%-雖然升幅依然強勁,但與大盤比較相對失色。鑑於市場調整是源於特殊因素,投資者並無在傳統的防守性、高股息及低波動環節尋找「安全保障」。相反,投資者轉投科技、健康護理及電子商務相關的股票,這些股票有望受惠於社交距離措施及「居家抗疫」的趨勢。圖2顯示這兩項指數的不同組成及十大成份股的表現。

圖1:MSCI綜合世界最低波動率指數對比MSCI綜合世界指數

20201125-11
資料來源:截至2020年10月30日。彭博通訊社。

圖2

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資料來源:彭博通訊社,MSCI。截至2020年9月10日。

市場是否永久改變了對「防禦性」的定義?傳統的低波動股票在防禦性投資組合是否仍有一席之地?

在過去危機期間創造佳績

若審視過去25年的跌市時期,便可以發現最低波動指數其實已履行其承諾-不論危機原因如何,該指數在波動加劇時的跌幅均低於大市(見圖3)。

只要投資者能堅持方針,低波動策略始終能帶來較高效的回報或較佳的風險調整後回報。圖4顯示MSCI綜合世界最低波動率指數的夏普比率(用以量度所承擔每個風險單位的回報)不僅優於大盤,亦會隨著投資年期增加而顯著上升。

圖3:跌市期間的表現(1996年至2020年)

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資料來源:瀚亞投資。自1996年1月以來,MSCI綜合世界指數及MSCI綜合世界最低波動率指數在所有三個月期間的回報,MSCI綜合世界指數下跌超過10%,以及MSCI綜合世界最低波動率指數在相同三個月期間的相應表現。

圖4:隨著時間推移,低波動策略的夏普比率明顯好轉

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資料來源:MSCI。截至2020年8月31日。

別樹一幟的低波動策略

從新冠肺炎期間所得的經驗可見,純粹聚焦於波動最低的股票(常見於公用事業及電訊業)的策略,在危機期間並不可行,因為這個環境利多「居家抗疫」股及健康護理公司,其他行業則備受冷落。事實上,生物科技、互聯網及和科技等高Beta行業的表現通常可以輕易跑贏傳統防禦性較強的行業。由此可見,單一因素策略未必有如大部份投資者所預期能減少跌幅,同時能擴大參與股市的層面。

因此,專注於透過多種因素來發掘最具吸引力的股票,同時考慮這些因素的效果和相關性,以及各項因素之間相互作用的投資策略似乎成效較佳。

透過分析全球不同國家和行業的公司,尋找那些具備估值吸引、高盈利能力、優質、增長前景好轉及備受投資者注視等特質的公司,而非純粹集中於低波動單一因素,我們採取的主動投資策略便能把握最具吸引力的機會 。這可能包括科技股,甚至是中國等傳統上被視為波動較高的市場。

新挑戰,新機遇

撰文之時,市場仍然憂慮新一輪新冠肺炎疫情是否揮之不去。然而,市場危機不盡相同,下次危機可能另有成因。瀚亞投資這類量化投資經理將繼續尋找新因素,以及定義因素的新方法,以全面了解市場轉變帶來的影響。同時,傳統以外的數據來源、人工智能技術及把具微妙含意的概念(如多元共融)進行量化等方法,為量度、分類及綜合非線性資訊確立新的路向。

我們認為量化投資業繼續運用創新技術和創意,以開發新的數據集及工具,將為投資者帶來嶄新的「低波動」投資機會。適應能力較強,擁有廣泛研究實力和經驗的主動型量化投資團隊,將能繼續掌握投資脈膊,無懼市況轉變。

本文摘錄自原文《低波動策略-屹立不倒》(Low volatility strategies – standing their ground)。

 

12020年10月30日。彭博通訊社。

22020年10月30日。彭博通訊社。

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