史上首見「負油價」你該知道的三件事

負利率已不稀奇,負油價才是史上頭一遭!西德州原油(WTI)5月份期貨價格跌至每桶-36.63美元1 ,創下史上首次原油期貨負值的景象。儘管媒體報導多抱持負面看法,但我們認為,深入了解「負油價」背後的原因及影響,才能讓投資人真正掌握長期投資的機會。

自新型冠狀肺炎爆發以來,各國為防堵疫情進行大規模封鎖,造成全球經濟活動陸續停擺,連帶衝擊石油需求、油價大幅崩跌。從供給面來看,不管是減產或拉抬油價的成效都相當有限。疫情導致的用油需求減少估為每日3,000萬桶,反觀石油生產組織OPEC(包括俄羅斯)近期達成的減產協議,卻僅每日2,000萬桶,減產規模過低,根本無法解決供過於求的局面。

探究「負油價」新聞頭條背後的真相

儘管全球原油供需失衡的狀況的確存在,但西德州原油主要進口至美國,因此,WTI的暴跌正好反映著美國市場上的真實面。5月份原油期貨於4月21日到期,鑑於美國的石油倉儲有限,許多期貨持有人急於出售合約以避免實物交割;6月份的期貨價格雖然也下跌,但仍為正數。此外我們注意到,過去兩週原油期貨跌幅最大的是短期內到期者,主要原因是購買期貨者沒有能力或不願履約。

相比之下,與WTI類似的歐洲布蘭特原油價格下跌幅度就較輕微,差異在於布蘭特原油是出口至世界各國,可以輸出到需求較高的地方,不像美國會面臨倉儲限制而直接衝擊期貨價格。

進一步了解石油出口的差異,可以幫助投資人保持冷靜,在不確定的時期更能避免過度反應。儘管石油價格走勢短期內可能衝擊投資人信心,但預期情況不會持續很久。從另個角度來看,低油價對於美國、歐洲和亞洲多數石油進口國來說,反而能有效降低物價、提升消費,最終有助於經濟的復甦。

低油價利與弊?對亞洲高收益債影響可控

負油價究竟連帶影響哪些投資標的?投資人通常直接聯想到高收益債券。以美國高收益債為例,能源產業占比高達12%2,油價崩跌嚴重衝擊其表現。轉回亞洲,儘管能源產業占比不到2%3,亞洲高收益債仍舊未能倖免於難;不過亞洲高收益債對於石油曝險本來就低,可以預期油價下跌對該市場的直接影響是可控的。

實際上,亞洲國家多為能源淨輸入,通常會受益於較低的石油價格。但鑑於許多國家仍處於封鎖狀態,此次低油價可能不如過往能有效刺激民生消費,但仍有助於降低原油進口費用,挹注國庫增加,也為政府提供財政刺激政策的籌碼,以因應疫情帶來的經濟衝擊。

了解低油價的實質影響,自然更能掌握相關投資契機。油價崩跌、對債券違約的過度恐慌,都可能導致亞洲高收益債券遭到不理性的拋售,對長期投資人則將是極佳的進場點

市場總會「觸底」 需求終將回復

西德州原油期貨的崩跌,可能會使沙烏地阿拉伯與其他石油生產國提前啟動6月的減產計畫。美國總統川普甚至表示,將增加戰略石油儲備,雖然仍需得到國會的批准,但這項聲明若能結合金援頁岩油業者停產,應可使油價止跌。投資人仍須關注的是,重啟產油作業的成本高昂,許多頁岩油業者仍不願停產。本篇文章撰寫時,WTI和布蘭特原油期貨曲線仍處於正價差,意味「期貨價高於現貨價」,這反映出市場仍然預期疫情結束後,石油需求將會回復,供需失衡狀態也會緩解。

同樣地,我們也認為,各國輪番祭出的財政及貨幣政策將有助於股市和債市觸底。瀚亞投資始終保持市場高度敏感度,嚴密監控市場各種評價和技術指標,適時為投資人把握投資良機。

Sources:
1 21st April 2020.
2 Refinitiv Datastream. As of 21st April 2020.
3 JP Morgan Asia Credit Non-Investment Grade Index

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