人口結構趨勢突顯固定收益商品需求

南韓、台灣、香港和新加坡將在2050年面臨高齡化挑戰,每10個人當中,將有超過4個是老人。這群人尋求適當且分散的退休收入來源,也為金融業者創造了契機。

Rebecca Lin Deputy CIO, Eastspring Investments Taiwan


氣候變遷、人口老化、都市人口爆炸以及高科技進步都是當前全球最具爭議的議題。面對這些改變,人們若不做好準備,將可能面臨巨大的痛苦,而這些結構性的趨勢既是挑戰,也是機會。

例如,氣候變遷帶動全球可再生能源的投資趨勢,儘管目前仍存在高成本的障礙,但相關技術的崛起,也帶來必要的工作就業機會;同樣地,人口高齡化帶來的挑戰也很廣泛,很難預測高齡化人口未來所需要的收入需求有多大。因此,顯示每個人必須具備足額且多樣化的退休收入來源,成為金融業者的機會。

退休收入觀點

由政府主導退休金計畫向來是國人退休收入的重要來源之一,但隨著人類平均壽命增加、出生率卻下滑,對全球各國退休計畫都帶來極大的壓力。預估至2050年,全球60歲以上的人口將會從2015年的12%攀升至21%,歐洲更會達到35%,亞洲及美國則分別上升至24%及28%(附圖1),部分國家的統計數據會更令人震驚。

除了人口結構改變所帶來的衝擊,現代化環境也影響每個世代對於退休後生活的預期。相較於退休族,目前仍在職場工作的族群普遍享有更高的教育及財富能力,他們期待能夠維持退休後的生活水平,也意識到必須靠自己累積退休收入,而非靠政府或來自家庭的援助。但關鍵的問題是,他們現在是否已經為了未來退休生活做好準備?

單靠政府退休金可能無法補足資金缺口,這樣的現況,也發生在一些退休金體制發展臻至成熟的國家,當退休期間中所需的與現況出現落差,缺口將會逐漸擴大。事實上,到2050年,世界上退休金缺口預期將達到400兆美元2,未來退休族必須找到替代的退休金來源。

圖1:全球主要國家2050年年齡分布預估1

亞洲四小龍不再?

在亞洲,南韓、台灣、香港、新加坡(也被稱作亞洲四小龍),將預期面臨最大的高齡化人口,十個人將有超過四個老人。這些國家對退休態度已出現改變與期待,大家庭提供退休保障的角色已經轉變成個人的責任,約有40~60%的受訪者期許自行籌措退休資金(附圖2)。

受訪者也期待,退休金收入可能自於各項金融資產所帶來的收益,例如銀行存款、保險、年金、股票或債券等各種產品。從附圖3顯示,比較60歲以上的退休者與20~59歲的在職工作者對於各項金融資產的收益來源期望,在職工作者預期從金融資產獲得收益的比重明顯較高。

更有趣的是,預期從債券及股票中得到收益的比例顯著增加,以香港及新加坡20~39歲的工作者為例,分別比自30歲退休者的30%上升至66%及65%。同樣的,在南韓、新加坡及台灣,預期自保險及年金計畫中獲得收益的受訪者(20~39歲)比例也顯著增加。

根據調查顯示,固定收益產品在全球受到高度青睞,特別是近年低利率環境下,促使市場和投資人持續追逐收益,即便是在未來利率上揚階段,這樣的情況也可能維持不變,這也為資產管理業者帶來龐大的潛力。

圖2: 退休族預期各項退休金來源為何?3

圖3: 受訪者對於退休後各項金融資產所提供的收益預期比重4

台灣的收益需求

根據調查顯示,台灣20~39歲族群尤其偏好透過保險、年金計畫來累積退休收入,原因在於他們期待在退休後擁有穩定回報及低波動率的資產。根據台灣境內外共同基金統計顯示,投資人對於固定收益產品偏好持續提升,從附圖四觀察固定收益相關基金規模近十年變化,境內固定收益基金規模從1%大幅成長至13%,境外規模也從39%成長到50%。

其中,高收益債券基金尤其受到台灣投資人青睞,相當誘人的高配息率,吸引投資人每月投入數十億元布局月配息型高收益債券基金,金額更在2014年達到最顛峰,占境外基金管理規模超過1/3,迄今依舊主宰著台灣固定收益投資市場。

不過,截至2018年4月底,其規模占比稍微降至25%,充分反映投資人對美國升息、聯準會量化寬鬆退場的擔憂升溫。許多投資人減少了對美國固定收益基金的布局,2018年前四月減少了8.4%,同期間歐洲固定收益基金上升10%,反映投資人轉向歐元區布局以分散風險。

我們相信,隨著台灣家庭可支配所得2017年創紀錄達到5050億美元,對於固定收益產品需求將持續上揚。根據對30個國家、超過22,000位投資者調查6中發現,亞洲人們偏愛投資其可支配所得,而非放在銀行中儲蓄、購買房地產或還掉債務;尤其中國與台灣投資人以45%傾向投資居冠,幾乎是全球平均23%的兩倍。

Fig.4: 台灣共同基金管理規模變化5

對金融服務業的影響

對於收益型資產的偏好將會隨著人口老化而成長。如同調查所顯示,亞洲四小龍在未來十年內將為收益型產品提供龐大的潛力機會,金融業者必需設計出讓個人承擔退休責任、促進工作和退休彈性的獨特產品。

調查也顯示,大部分的人傾向以每月給付方式領取退休金,而非一次性給付,造成此現象的關鍵,正是因為人們擔心花掉一次性給付的退休金,每月給付的形式提供穩定性,更減少他們對於家庭的依賴,這樣的偏好也為壽險公司年金計畫提供更多的發展機會。

最後,金融業者必須與政府緊密合作,以因應早晚會來到的龐大銀髮潮挑戰。

Rebecca Lin

Deputy CIO,

Eastspring Investments Taiwan

Source:
1United Nations, Population Division: World Population Prospects – The 2017 Revision (based on medium variants), as at June 2017 future returns.
2World Economic Forum, We’ll Live to 100 – How Can We Afford It, As at May 2017.
3Data sourced from 2015 report titled “From Challenge to Opportunity” which was Wave 2 of the East Asia Retirement Survey conducted by by the Centre for Strategic and International Studies’ (CSIS) Global Aging Initiative with the financial support from Prudential plc. The report is part of the multiyear Global Aging Preparedness Project, which was launched by CSIS and Prudential plc in 2010 with the publication of The Global Aging Preparedness Index, a unique new tool for assessing fiscal sustainability and income adequacy of retirement systems around the world.
4Data sourced from 2012 report “The Future of Retirement in East Asia” which was the first wave of the East Asia Retirement Survey. Those aged 60+ are retirees.
5Securities Investment Trust & Consulting Association (SITCA). 6Schroders Global Investor Study 2017.

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